Carl Daniel Ekman

Carl Daniel Ekman

Carl Daniel Ekman (March 17, 1845 – November 3, 1904) was a Swedish chemical engineer who invented the form of the sulfite process of wood pulp manufacturing which was first established on a firm commercial basis, helping to replace rags as the main raw material of paper with wood pulp. The process was developed at Bergvik, Sweden from 1871–1874, In 1879, he emigrated to England, and opened the Ekman Pulp and Paper Company mill in Northfleet, Kent near the mouth of the Thames River in 1886. He was also a consulting engineer and helped establish mills in Lachendorf, Celle, Germany, Dieppe, France, Rumford, Rhode Island, St. Petersburg, Russia, Korfu and Italy. After contracting malaria in French Guiana and losing a lawsuit on pollution of a Northfleet limestone quarry, he died bankrupt in Gravesend, Kent.

Early life

Kalmar Castle in the early 20th century.

Ekman was the sixteenth and final child born in a 28-year period to Otto Christian Ekman at his home at 36 Södra Långgatan in Kalmar, Sweden.[1][2] Carl Daniel was the third child born to Otto Christian's second wife, Maria Louise Indebetou, formerly of Forshaga. Otto Christian was a medical doctor who served at Kalmar Castle. Otto's father had been a pewterer in Malmö.

In 1861 Carl Daniel finished school and began working in the Ugglan pharmacy in Stockholm. It is believed that he passed his pharmacist examination before starting his education as an engineer in 1865 at the Technological Institute in Stockholm. He graduated in June, 1868 with first class honors, then worked for two years for the wine processor Liljeholmens Vinfabriks Aktiebolag, on Svartmangatan, Stockholm.[3]

Career in paper manufacturing

The Bergvik paper mill in 1872.

In August 1871 he was hired as a chemist for the Bergvik mill, where his half-brother Hugo was manager. The mill used the method of George Fry for processing wood pulp for paper. In 1872 Ekman developed a modified method: rather than simply bleaching a mechanically produced pulp, he cooked the pulp under pressure in a solution of bisulfite of magnesia.[4][5] A new plant was built in 1874 in Bergvik that used this process.

A similar sulfite process had been invented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman in 1867 in Philadelphia, but he was unable to put it into commercial production.[6] In Germany, Mitscherlich independently discovered a similar process about 1880.[7]

Working with Fry, the new pulp was introduced quickly into paper production, perhaps first in Fry's Ilford plant, and then into a newly built mill at Northfleet in 1879.[8][9] A second mill at Northfleet was completed in 1886 and owned by the Ekman Pulp and Paper Company, which was partially owned by Fry. This mill continued to operate until the 1970s.[10] The process was kept as a commercial secret rather than patented, until a British patent was issued in 1881, and an American patent was issued in 1882. The American patent rights were represented by W.F. and F.C. Sayles. Ekman lived with the Sayles family in Pawtucket, Rhode Island[11] while working on Charles W. Wheelwright's Richmond Paper Co. mill at Rumford starting in 1884.

Ekman traveled extensively helping to construct mills in France, Italy, Russia, and Germany, as well as searching for new raw material that might be used in paper making. He visited French Guiana where he contracted malaria, and in 1885 visited British Guiana. He experimented with sugar cane, straw, aspen, birch, sycamore, esparto grass, linen, and hemp to provide paper pulp.[12]

Later life

In 1888 Ekman married 18-year-old Rosina Noble, who was 26 years his junior. Rosina was born in Dieppe to an English-Italian family. They had three sons, Mario, Oscar Umberto, and Otto Francis. The family lived in Gravesend,[13] near the Northfleet mill.

Ekman continued to suffer from malaria and also contracted typhoid fever about 1900. He was also sued for polluting a limestone quarry near the Northfleet mill. He died soon after losing the suit, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Northfleet. His children were educated from a special fund, collected by the British Wood Pulp Association. They all moved to Canada upon reaching majority, and Mario and Oscar served in Canadian forces during World War I.

In 1934 a black granite monument was erected on Ekman's grave by the Swedish Cellulose Association.[14][15] The Carl Ekman House, a 14-story residential building on Tooley Street, Northfleet, was erected in 1969 and named in his honor.[16]

Notes

  1. ↑ 56°39′48″N 16°21′58″E / 56.6634°N 16.366°E
  2. ↑ Carruthers 1947, p. 161
  3. ↑ Carruthers 1947, pp. 160–163
  4. ↑ Hunter, Dard (1978). Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. New York: Dover Publications,. p. 392. ISBN 0-486-23619-6.
  5. ↑ For a technical overview of the process, see Sutermeister, Edwin (2007). Chemistry of Pulp and Paper Making. Read Books. pp. 156–210. ISBN 978-1-4067-8138-0. ISBN 140678138X, 9781406781380.
  6. ↑ Phillips, Max (September 1943). "Benjamin Chew Tilghman, and the origin of the sulfite process for delignification of wood". Journal of Chemical Education. 20 (9): 444. doi:10.1021/ed020p444.
  7. ↑ Carruthers 1947, p. 164
  8. ↑ Magee 2002, p. 132
  9. ↑ Carruthers 1947, p. 167
  10. ↑ Discover Gravesend Carl Ekman, accessed July 14, 2009
  11. ↑ 41°52′N 71°23′W / 41.86°N 71.39°W
  12. ↑ Carruthers 1947, p. 170
  13. ↑ 51°26′17″N 0°21′58″E / 51.438°N 0.366°E
  14. ↑ "Nature". Nature. 134 (3391): 655. 27 October 1934. doi:10.1038/134655a0.
  15. ↑ Carruthers 1947, p. 177
  16. ↑ 51°26′22″N 0°20′19″E / 51.4395°N 0.3385°E

Sources

  • Carruthers, George (1947). Paper-Making. Toronto: Garden City Press. pp. 158–181.  Chapter VIII. The chapter is a translation of Torsten Althin's article "Carl Daniel Ekmans liv och person", Dædalus (Stockholm) 1935, with notes by Carruthers.
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