CHARMM

CHARMM
Developer(s) Martin Karplus, Accelrys
Initial release 1983 (1983)
Stable release
c40b1, c40b2 / 2015 (2015)
Preview release
c41a1, c41a2 / 2015 (2015)
Development status Active
Written in FORTRAN 77-95, CUDA
Operating system Unix-like: Linux, macOS, AIX, iOS[1]
Platform x86, ARM, Nvidia GPU; Cray XT4, XT5[1]
Available in English
Type Molecular dynamics
License Proprietary
Website www.charmm.org

Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics (CHARMM) is the name of a widely used set of force fields for molecular dynamics, and the name for the molecular dynamics simulation and analysis computer software package associated with them.[2][3][4] The CHARMM Development Project involves a worldwide network of developers working with Martin Karplus and his group at Harvard to develop and maintain the CHARMM program. Licenses for this software are available, for a fee, to people and groups working in academia.

Force fields

The CHARMM force fields for proteins include: united-atom (sometimes termed extended atom) CHARMM19,[5] all-atom CHARMM22[6] and its dihedral potential corrected variant CHARMM22/CMAP.[7] In the CHARMM22 protein force field, the atomic partial charges were derived from quantum chemical calculations of the interactions between model compounds and water. Furthermore, CHARMM22 is parametrized for the TIP3P explicit water model. Nevertheless, it is often used with implicit solvents. In 2006, a special version of CHARMM22/CMAP was reparametrized for consistent use with implicit solvent GBSW.[8]

For DNA, RNA, and lipids, CHARMM27[9] is used. Some force fields may be combined, for example CHARMM22 and CHARMM27 for the simulation of protein-DNA binding. Also, parameters for NAD+, sugars, fluorinated compounds, etc., may be downloaded. These force field version numbers refer to the CHARMM version where they first appeared, but may of course be used with subsequent versions of the CHARMM executable program. Likewise, these force fields may be used within other molecular dynamics programs that support them.

In 2009, a general force field for drug-like molecules (CGenFF) was introduced. It "covers a wide range of chemical groups present in biomolecules and drug-like molecules, including a large number of heterocyclic scaffolds".[10] The general force field is designed to cover any combination of chemical groups. This inevitably comes with a decrease in accuracy for representing any particular subclass of molecules. Users are repeatedly warned in Mackerell's website not to use the CGenFF parameters for molecules for which specialized force fields already exist (as mentioned above for proteins, nucleic acids, etc.).

CHARMM also includes polarizable force fields using two approaches. One is based on the fluctuating charge (FQ) model, also termed Charge Equilibration (CHEQ).[11][12] The other is based on the Drude shell or dispersion oscillator model.[13][14]

Parameters for all of these force fields may be downloaded from the Mackerell website for free.[15]

Molecular dynamics program

The CHARMM program allows generating and analysing a wide range of molecular simulations. The most basic kinds of simulation are minimizing a given structure and production runs of a molecular dynamics trajectory.

More advanced features include free energy perturbation (FEP), quasi-harmonic entropy estimation, correlation analysis and combined quantum, and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods.

CHARMM is one of the oldest programs for molecular dynamics. It has accumulated many features, some of which are duplicated under several keywords with slight variants. This is an inevitable result of the many outlooks and groups working on CHARMM worldwide. The changelog file, and CHARMM's source code, are good places to look for the names and affiliations of the main developers. The involvement and coordination by Charles L. Brooks III's group at the University of Michigan is salient.

Software history

Around 1969, there was considerable interest in developing potential energy functions for small molecules. CHARMM originated at Martin Karplus's group at Harvard. Karplus and his then graduate student Bruce Gelin decided the time was ripe to develop a program that would make it possible to take a given amino acid sequence and a set of coordinates (e.g., from the X-ray structure) and to use this information to calculate the energy of the system as a function of the atomic positions. Karplus has acknowledged the importance of major inputs in the development of the (at the time nameless) program, including:

In the 1980s, finally a paper appeared and CHARMM made its public début. Gelin's program had by then been considerably restructured. For the publication, Bob Bruccoleri came up with the name HARMM (HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics), but it seemed inappropriate. So they added a C for Chemistry. Karplus said: "I sometimes wonder if Bruccoleri's original suggestion would have served as a useful warning to inexperienced scientists working with the program."[16] CHARMM has continued to grow and the latest release of the executable program was made in August 2009 as CHARMM35b3.

Running CHARMM under Unix-Linux

The general syntax for using the program is:

charmm -i filename.inp -o filename.out

Volunteer computing

Docking@Home, hosted by University of Delaware, one of the projects which use an open source platform for the distributed computing, BOINC, used CHARMM to analyze the atomic details of protein-ligand interactions in terms of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and minimizations.

World Community Grid, sponsored by IBM, ran a project named The Clean Energy Project[17] which also used CHARMM in its first phase which has completed.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Installation". CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics). Harvard University. 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  2. ↑ Brooks BR, Bruccoleri RE, Olafson BD, States DJ, Swaminathan S, Karplus M (1983). "CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations". J Comp Chem. 4 (2): 187–217. doi:10.1002/jcc.540040211.
  3. ↑ MacKerell, A.D., Jr.; Brooks, B.; Brooks, C. L., III; Nilsson, L.; Roux, B.; Won, Y.; Karplus, M. (1998). "CHARMM: The Energy Function and Its Parameterization with an Overview of the Program". In Schleyer, P.v.R.; et al. The Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry. 1. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 271–277.
  4. ↑ Brooks BR, Brooks CL 3rd, Mackerell AD Jr, Nilsson L, Petrella RJ, Roux B, Won Y, Archontis G, Bartels C, Boresch S, Caflisch A, Caves L, Cui Q, Dinner AR, Feig M, Fischer S, Gao J, Hodoscek M, Im W, Kuczera K, Lazaridis T, Ma J, Ovchinnikov V, Paci E, Pastor RW, Post CB, Pu JZ, Schaefer M, Tidor B, Venable RM, Woodcock HL, Wu X, Yang W, York DM, Karplus M (29 July 2009). "CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program". Journal of Computational Chemistry. 30 (10): 1545–1614. doi:10.1002/jcc.21287. PMC 2810661Freely accessible. PMID 19444816.
  5. ↑ Reiher, III WH (1985). "Theoretical studies of hydrogen bonding". PhD Thesis at Harvard University.
  6. ↑ MacKerell AD Jr; et al. (1998). "All-atom empirical potential for molecular modeling and dynamics studies of proteins". J Phys Chem B. 102 (18): 3586–3616. doi:10.1021/jp973084f.
  7. ↑ MacKerell AD Jr, Feig M, Brooks III CL (2004). "Extending the treatment of backbone energetics in protein force fields: limitations of gas-phase quantum mechanics in reproducing protein conformational distributions in molecular dynamics simulations". J Comput Chem. 25 (11): 1400–1415. doi:10.1002/jcc.20065. PMID 15185334.
  8. ↑ Brooks CL, Chen J, Im W (2006). "Balancing solvation and intramolecular interactions: toward a consistent generalized born force field (CMAP opt. for GBSW)". J Am Chem Soc. 128 (11): 3728–3736. doi:10.1021/ja057216r. PMC 2596729Freely accessible. PMID 16536547.
  9. ↑ MacKerell AD Jr, Banavali N, Foloppe N (2001). "Development and current status of the CHARMM force field for nucleic acids". Biopolymers. 56 (4): 257–265. doi:10.1002/1097-0282(2000)56:4<257::AID-BIP10029>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 11754339.
  10. ↑ Vanommeslaeghe K, Hatcher E, Acharya C, Kundu S, Zhong S, Shim J, Darian E, Guvench O, Lopes P, Vorobyov I, Mackerell AD Jr (2009). "CHARMM general force field: A force field for drug-like molecules compatible with the CHARMM all-atom additive biological force fields". J Comput Chem. 31 (4): 671–90. doi:10.1002/jcc.21367. PMC 2888302Freely accessible. PMID 19575467.
  11. ↑ Patel S, Brooks CL 3rd (2004). "CHARMM fluctuating charge force field for proteins: I parameterization and application to bulk organic liquid simulations". J Comput Chem. 25 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1002/jcc.10355. PMID 14634989.
  12. ↑ Patel S, Mackerell AD Jr, Brooks CL 3rd (2004). "CHARMM fluctuating charge force field for proteins: II protein/solvent properties from molecular dynamics simulations using a nonadditive electrostatic model". J Comput Chem. 25 (12): 1504–1514. doi:10.1002/jcc.20077. PMID 15224394.
  13. ↑ Lamoureux G, Roux B (2003). "Modeling induced polarization with classical Drude oscillators: Theory and molecular dynamics simulation algorithm". J Chem Phys. 119 (6): 3025–3039. Bibcode:2003JChPh.119.3025L. doi:10.1063/1.1589749.
  14. ↑ Lamoureux G, Harder E, Vorobyov IV, Roux B, MacKerell AD (2006). "A polarizable model of water for molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules". Chem Phys Lett. 418: 245–249. Bibcode:2006CPL...418..245L. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.135.
  15. ↑ Mackerell website
  16. ↑ Karplus M (2006). "Spinach on the ceiling: a theoretical chemist's return to biology". Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 35 (1): 1–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133350. PMID 16689626.
  17. ↑ The Clean Energy Project

External links

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