Boundary Channel

Boundary Channel
Channel
Map of area surrounding Boundary Channel and the Pentagon Lagoon
Country United States
State District of Columbia
Part of Potomac River
Source Potomac River
 - elevation 0 ft (0 m)
 - coordinates 38°53′24.4″N 77°3′49.3″W / 38.890111°N 77.063694°W / 38.890111; -77.063694
Mouth Pentagon Lagoon
 - elevation 0 ft (0 m)
 - coordinates 38°52′26″N 77°2′53″W / 38.87389°N 77.04806°W / 38.87389; -77.04806Coordinates: 38°52′26″N 77°2′53″W / 38.87389°N 77.04806°W / 38.87389; -77.04806

Boundary Channel is a channel off the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. The channel begins at the northwestern tip of Columbia Island extends southward between Columbia Island and the Virginia shoreline. It curves around the southern tip of Columbia Island before heading northeast to exit into the Potomac River. At the southwestern tip of Columbia Island, the Boundary Channel widens into the manmade Pentagon Lagoon.

History of Boundary Channel

Columbia Island is in part natural, and in part man-made. About 1818, Analostan Island (now known as Theodore Roosevelt Island) was largely rock and quite close to the D.C. shoreline. Due to deforestation and increased agricultural use upstream, the river eroded much of the northern bank of the Potomac River and widened the gap between Analostan Island and the shore. Simultaneously, large deposits of silt built up around Analostan Island. By 1838, Analostan had almost doubled in length toward the south. By 1884, the new southern part of Analostan Island was defined and built up, and supported a well-established wetland. Gradually, however, the river eroded the center of Analostan Island, severing Columbia Island from its parent body.[1]

Between 1911 and 1922, the Potomac River was repeatedly dredged by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to deepen the channel and alleviate flooding. Dredging widened the distance between Analostan/Theodore Roosevelt Island and Columbia Island (so that the "Virginia Channel" west of Analostan/Roosevelt Island would not flood easily). Dredged material was piled high on Columbia Island, helping to build it higher, lengthen and broaden it, and give it its current shape.[1] The new island received its name about 1918 from an unnamed engineer working for the District of Columbia.[2]

An anonymous Corps of Engineers officer named the waterway between Columbia Island and Virginia the "Boundary Channel".[3]

Boundary Channel was further defined in the late 1920s. In 1925, Congress authorized construction of the Arlington Memorial Bridge across the Potomac River. Preliminary designs for the bridge showed it terminating on Columbia Island,[4] which necessitated additional expansion of the island. The Corps of Engineers had already planned to continue dredging the Potomac River and enlarge Columbia Island, so on April 1, 1925, Secretary of War John W. Weeks ordered the expenditure of $114,500 to dredge the river between the Highway Bridge and the Lincoln Memorial. The dredged material was dumped on Columbia Island.[5] By June 30, 1927, dredging of the Potomac River and the reshaping of Columbia Island was largely finished.[6]

Boundary Channel marks the original Virginia shoreline.[7] It separates Columbia Island to the east from Virginia in the west and south, and is roughly a mile long. The channel is part of the Potomac River.[8] In 1936, Boundary Channel was 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 m) in width and 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) in depth.[9] No lagoon existed at this time.

Broundary Channel was changed again after ground was broken for The Pentagon on September 11, 1941. The Pentagon was being built on land just south of the Boundary Channel. But the ground to the northwest, north, northeast, and east of the building site was so low that, for a time, the Corps of Engineers considered building a levee to protect it from floods. But General Brehon B. Somervell, the Army officer in charge of the Pentagon's construction, decided instead to raise the ground by at least 8 feet (2.4 m) to 18 feet (5.5 m) or more above the average water level. Boundary Channel was dredged and slightly widened in order to help provide this fill material.[10]

Due to silting and other issues, Boundary Channel is approximately 100 feet (30 m) wide as of 2013 (although the width varies). It is also quite shallow.[11]

Pentagon Lagoon

Aerial view of the Columbia Island Marina and the Pentagon Lagoon in relationship to The Pentagon and the Potomac River.
Corona image of The Pentagon and part of the Lagoon, 25 September 1967

Pentagon Lagoon is a shallow pool which is part of the Boundary Channel.[12] It was originally constructed as part of the channel, and was originally quite small as well as unnamed.[10]

During construction of the Pentagon in 1941, the U.S. Army not only needed a source of fill material to raise the land around the Pentagon, but also needed a way for river barges to deliver concrete, gravel, and sand to the construction site. With unused Columbia Island nearby, the Corps of Engineers quickly removed a portion of the island as well as dredged the bottom of the lagoon for this fill material. The Army also constructed a dike inland on the Virginia shoreline. The earth behind this dike was excavated to a depth 14 feet (4.3 m) below the Potomac River's average high tide. On what was to be the new shoreline, the Army and its contractors built cement plants and marshalling areas for the deposit of sand and gravel. The dike was then breached (and removed by dredge), allowing barges and other ships to deliver construction materials quickly and cheaply to the building site. More than 1,000,000 cubic yards (760,000 m3) of earth and riverbottom were excavated, and Boundary Channel's lagoon enlarged by 30 acres (120,000 m2).[10]

The Pentagon Lagoon was named by the Washington Post after a brutal murder there in September 1944. Virginia police found the nude body of 53-year-old Mrs. Margaret Fitzwater floating in the lagoon on the evening of September 24, 1944. Her throat had been slashed, and she had been raped. Within days, 60-year-old Gardner Tyler "Pop" Holmes, an eccentric who lived on a houseboat anchored in the lagoon, was charged with her murder. It quickly became apparent that Holmes was insane (and had, in fact, escaped from a Virginia mental hospital in 1931). A second throat-slashing murder and rape occurred on Hains Point (almost directly east of Boundary Channel on the D.C. side of the Potomac River) on October 5. This victim was 18-year-old Dorothy Berrum. Investigators quickly found eyewitnesses and a chain of evidence which led them to United States Marine Corps Private Earl McFarland. McFarland was indicted on December 11, 1944, and a jury convicted him of murder after an hour's deliberation on February 1, 1945. He was sentenced to die in the electric chair.[13] On April 3, McFarland and a companion escaped from the D.C. Jail. Two guards were playing cards with them, and the men overpowered them and walked out of the unlocked cell block. An eight-day manhunt covered the entire East Coast before McFarland was recaptured in Knoxville, Tennessee, (his home town) on April 11. His escape led to scathing indictments about the way the D.C. Jail was staffed and managed. President Harry S. Truman declined to give McFarland clemency on July 3, 1946, and the Supreme Court of the United States denied his appeal on July 18. He was executed on July 19.[14]

The phrase "Pentagon lagoon" was first used by the federal government in 1945,[15] but the formal name "Pentagon Lagoon" was not used until 1946.[16]

When the Pentagon Lagoon was surveyed in 2000, the eastern entrance channel was 7.5 feet (2.3 m) deep. Depths of 5 to 8 feet (1.5 to 2.4 m) were common in front of the Columbia Island Marina, while 2 to 7 feet (0.61 to 2.13 m) was common elsewhere in the lagoon.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 Office of Conservation, Interpretation, and Use, p. 48-49; Moore and Jackson, p. 91.
  2. ↑ Secrest, Meryle. "Park Named for Mrs. Johnson." Washington Post. November 13, 1968.
  3. ↑ Corps of Engineers, p. 533. Accessed 2013-05-07.
  4. ↑ "Island to Be Remade in New Bridge Plans." Washington Post. April 15, 1925.
  5. ↑ "Potomac Channel to Be Dredged for Flood Prevention." Washington Post. April 2, 1925.
  6. ↑ Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, 1927, p. 20.
  7. ↑ Moore, p. 91.
  8. ↑ "Oil Is Spilled Into Channel From Ft. Myer." Washington Post. June 14, 1977.
  9. ↑ Severin v. United States, 86 Ct. Cl. 53, 56 (1937).
  10. 1 2 3 Vogel, p. 133.
  11. 1 2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. United States Coast Pilot. Vol. 3: Atlantic Coast: Sandy Hook, NJ to Cape Henry, VA. 46th ed. Washington, D.C.: u.S. Government Printing Office, 2013, p. 291. Accessed 2013-05-07.
  12. ↑ Ackerman, Stephen J. and Burton, Jon C. "Catch a Train, Catch a Fish." Washington Post. July 22, 1983.
  13. ↑ Towe, Emily. "FBI Takes Over in Throat-Slashing Mystery of Widow Taken From Lagoon." Washington Post. September 25, 1944, p. 1; Towe, Emily. "Secret Device Used in Murder Weapon Hunt." Washington Post. September 26, 1944, p. 1; "7-Hour Lagoon Search Fails to Produce Slaying Weapon." Washington Post. September 27, 1944, p. 3; "FBI Questions Six Relatives of Slain Woman." Washington Post. September 30, 1944, p. 7; "'Voluntary Witness' Charged With Pentagon Lagoon Murder." Washington Post. October 1, 1944, p. 1; "Holmes Sanity Test May Balk Murder Trial." Washington Post. October 2, 1944, p. 7; "Victim, 17, Raped, Then Strangled." Washington Post. October 7, 1944, p. 1; "McFarland Indicted in Lagoon Death." Washington Post. December 12, 1944, p. 1; "McFarland Trial Delayed Until Jan. 29." Washington Post. January 4, 1945, p. 4; "Death Penalty Is Asked for McFarland." Washington Post. January 30, 1945, p. 1; Bernstein, Adele. "McFarland's Alibi Jolted As Girl Recants." Washington Post. January 31, 1945, p. 1; Bernstein, Adele. "McFarland Denies Any Part in Murder as Case Nears Jury." Washington Post. February 1, 1945, p. 1; Bernstein, Adele. "Jury Returns Guilty Verdict After Hour's Deliberation." Washington Post. February 2, 1945, p. 1; "McFarland Sentenced to Die June 26." Washington Post. February 17, 1945, p. 3.
  14. ↑ Hailey, Al and Lewis, Al. "McFarland's Companion in Escape Is Recaptured." Washington Post. April 4, 1946, p. 1; Hailey, Al and Lewis, Al. "McFarland Manhunt Covers East." Washington Post. April 5, 1946, p. 1; Hailey, Al. "Jail Guards and Killers Played Cards for a Month." Washington Post. April 11, 1946, p. 1; Yarborough, Charles and Lewis, Al. "Free for 8 Days and 8 Hours, Unarmed Slayer Tells FBI How He Dodged Police, Rode Freights to His Native State." Washington Post. April 12, 1946, p. 1; "McFarland Recaptured in Knoxville." Washington Post. April 12, 1946, p. 1; Hailey, Al. "Botkin Will Be Asked Why Death Row Door In Jail Was Left Open." Washington Post. April 13, 1946, p. 1; "Marshals Have Difficulty Getting McFarland Into Jail." Washington Post. April 16, 1946, p. 1; "FBI Report on Jail Suggests Everyone Could Have Got Out." Washington Post. June 1, 1946, p. 1; "Truman Rejects Clemency Plea of McFarland." Washington Post. July 4, 1946, p. 1; "McFarland Must Die Today; Vinson Rejects Delay Plea." Washington Post. July 19, 1946, p. 1; Hailey, Al. "McFarland Dies in Chair, Protesting Innocence to End." Washington Post. July 20, 1946, p. 1.
  15. ↑ Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, p. 7.
  16. ↑ Subcommittee on Appropriations, p. 147.

Bibliography

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