Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC)

Battle of Thermopylae
Part of Gallic invasion of the Balkans
Route of the Gallic invasion of the Balkans
Date 279 BC Location Thermopylae Result Gallic victory
Belligerents
Gauls	Aetolians Boeotians Athenians Phocians
Commanders and leaders
Brennus

The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 279 BC between invading Gallic armies and a combined army of Greek Aetolians, Boeotians, Athenians, Phocians at Thermopylae. The Gauls under Brennus were victorious, and advanced further into the Greek peninsula where they sacked Delphi.

Background

Gallic groups, originating from the various La Tène chiefdoms, began a south-eastern movement into the Balkan peninsula from the 4th century BC. Although Gallic settlements were concentrated in the western half of the Carpathian basin, there were notable incursions, and settlements, within the Balkan peninsula itself.

From their new bases in northern Illyria and Pannonia, the Gallic invasions climaxed in the early 3rd century BC, with the invasion of Greece. The 279 BC invasion of Greece proper was preceded by a series of other military campaigns waged toward southern Balkans and against the kingdom of Macedonia, favoured by the state of confusion ensuing from the intricated succession to Alexander.

The Celtic military pressure toward Greece in the southern Balkans reached its turning point in 281 BC. In 280 BC a great army, comprising about 85,000 warriors,^[1] coming from Pannonia and split into three divisions, marched South in a great expedition^[2][3] to Macedon and central Greece. Under the leadership of Cerethrius, 20,000 men moved against the Thracians and Triballi. Another division, led by Brennus^[4] and Acichorius^[5][6] moved against Paionians while a third division, headed by Bolgios, aimed for Macedonians and Illyrians.^[7]

The Dying Gaul, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Galatians

Bolgios inflicted heavy losses on the Macedonians, whose young king, Ptolemy Keraunos, was captured and decapitated. However, Bolgios' contingent was repulsed by the Macedonian nobleman Sosthenes, and satisfied with the loot they had won, Bolgios' contingents turned back. Sosthenes, in turn, was attacked and defeated by Brennus and his division, who were then free to ravage the country.

After these expeditions returned home, Brennus urged and persuaded them to mount a third united expedition against central Greece, led by himself and Acichorius.^[7]

Battle

A Greek coalition made up of Aetolians, Boeotians, Athenians, Phocians, and other Greeks north of Corinth took up quarters at the narrow pass of Thermopylae, on the east coast of central Greece. During the initial assault, Brennus' forces suffered heavy losses. Hence he decided to send a large force under Acichorius against Aetolia. The Aetolian detachment, as Brennus hoped, left Thermopylae to defend their homes. The Aetolians joined the defense en masse - the old and women joining the fight.^[8] Realizing that the Gallic sword was dangerous only at close quarters, the Aetolians resorted to skirmishing tactics.^[9] The Gauls destroyed Kallion, on the borders between Eurytania and Aetolia, committing horrible atrocities, but the resistance of the entire Aetolian population at the site Kokkalia, where also the elderly and the women and children fought, gave a decisive blow to the Galatian threat. According to Pausanias, only half the number that had set out for Aetolia returned.^[7]

Eventually Brennus found a way around the pass at Thermopylae but the Greeks escaped by sea.

Aftermath

Brennus pushed on to Delphi where he was defeated and forced to retreat, after which he died of wounds sustained in the battle. His army fell back to the river Spercheios where it was routed by the Thessalians and Malians. Some of the survivors of the Greek campaign, led by Comontoris (one of Brennus' generals) settled in Thrace, founding a short-lived city-state named Tyle.^[10] Another group of Gauls, who split off from Brennus' army in 281, were transported over to Asia Minor by Nicomedes I to help him defeat his brother and secure the throne of Bithynia. They eventually settled in the region that came to be named after them as Galatia. They were defeated by Antiochus I, and as a result, they were confined to barren highlands in the center of Anatolia.^[11] On the contrary, the Aetolian League strengthened its position in mainland Greece and for about a century it dominated Delphi. The Aetolians set up an honorary stele on a base which presumably depicts pieces of armoury of the Gauls, whereas they also erected the so-called “Portico of the Aetolians” or Western Portico, one of the largest buildings close to the sanctuary of Apollo. As a token of gratitude, they were accorded the right to participate at the amphictyonic convention. Honorary games, the Amphictyonic Soteria, were organized, which in 246 B.C were renamed “Aetolian Soteria” and evolved into panhellenic Games which took place every five years.

Notes

Coordinates: 38°48′19″N 22°33′46″E / 38.8053°N 22.5628°E / 38.8053; 22.5628

Bibliography

• Grainger, D. (1999). The League of the Aetolians. Koln: Brill.
• Green, P. (1993). Alexander to Actium. California: University of California Press.
• Παπαχατζής, Ν. (1981). «Φωκικά». Παυσανία Ελλάδος Περιήγησις. Αθήνα: Εκδοτική Αθηνών.
• Scholten, J.B. (2000). The Politics of Plunder: Aitolians and Their Koinon in the Early Hellenistic Era.