Battle of Oriskany
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The Battle of Oriskany, fought on August 6, 1777, was one of the bloodiest battles in the North American theater of the American Revolutionary War and a significant engagement of the Saratoga campaign. An American party trying to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix was ambushed by a party of Loyalists and allies of several Native American tribes. This was one of the few battles in the war in which almost all of the participants were North American: Loyalists and allied Indians fought against Patriots and allied Oneida in the absence of British soldiers.
Early in the siege of Fort Stanwix, an American relief force from the Mohawk Valley under General Nicholas Herkimer, numbering around 800 men of the Tryon County militia, and a party of Oneida warriors, approached in an attempt to raise the siege. British commander Barry St. Leger authorized an intercept force consisting of a Hanau Jäger (light infantry) detachment, Sir John Johnson's King's Royal Regiment of New York, Indian allies from the Six Nations, particularly Mohawk and Seneca; and other tribes to the north and west, and Indian Department Rangers, totaling at least 450 men.
The Loyalist and Indian force ambushed Herkimer's force in a small valley about six miles (10 km) east of Fort Stanwix, near the present-day village of Oriskany, New York. During the battle, Herkimer was mortally wounded. The battle cost the Patriots approximately 450 casualties, while the Loyalists and Indians lost approximately 150 dead and wounded. The result of the battle remains ambiguous because the apparent Loyalist victory was significantly affected by a sortie from Fort Stanwix in which the Loyalist camps were sacked, spoiling morale among the allied Indians.
For the Iroquois nations, the battle marked the beginning of a civil war, as Oneida warriors under Colonel Louis and Han Yerry allied with the American cause and fought against members of other Iroquois nations. There were also internal divisions among the Oneida, some of whom went to Canada as allies of the British. The site is known in oral histories of the Iroquois nations as "A Place of Great Sadness."[6] The site has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is marked by a battle monument at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site.
Background
In June 1777, the British Army, under the command of General "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne, launched a two-pronged attack from Quebec. Burgoyne's objective was to split New England from the other colonies by gaining control of New York's Hudson Valley. The main thrust came south across Lake Champlain under Burgoyne's command; the second thrust was led by Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger and was intended to come down the Mohawk Valley and meet Burgoyne's army near Albany.[7]
St. Leger's expedition consisted of about 1,800 men, who were a mix of British regulars, Hessian Jägers from Hanau, Loyalists, Indians of several tribes, including the Mohawk and Seneca of the Iroquois, and Rangers. They traveled up the Saint Lawrence River and along the shore of Lake Ontario to the Oswego River, which they ascended to reach the Oneida Carry (present-day Rome, New York later developed here). They began to besiege Fort Stanwix, a Continental Army post guarding the portage.[8]
Prelude
Alerted to the possibility of a British attack along the Mohawk River, Nicholas Herkimer, the head of Tryon County's Committee of Safety, issued a proclamation on July 17 warning of possible military activity and urging the people to respond if needed.[9] Warned by friendly Oneidas on July 30 that the British were just four days from Fort Stanwix, Herkimer put out a call-to-arms. The force raised totaled 800 from the Tryon County militia; it was composed primarily of poorly trained farmers, who were chiefly of Palatine German descent. Setting out on August 4, the column camped near the Oneida village of Oriska on August 5. While a number of the militia dropped out of the column due to their lack of conditioning, Herkimer's forces were augmented by a company of 60 to 100 Oneida warriors, led primarily by Han Yerry, a strong supporter of the Patriot cause.[10] That evening, Herkimer sent three men toward the fort with messages for the fort's commander, Colonel Peter Gansevoort. Gansevoort was to signal the receipt of the message with three cannon shots, and then sortie to meet the approaching column.[10] Due to difficulties in penetrating the British lines, these couriers did not deliver the message until late the next morning, after the battle was already underway.[11]
St. Leger learned on August 5 from a messenger sent by Molly Brant to her brother Joseph Brant, the Mohawk leader who led a portion of St. Leger's Indian contingent, that Herkimer and his relief expedition were on their way.[12] St. Leger sent a detachment of light infantry from Sir John Johnson's Royal Yorkers toward the position that evening to monitor Herkimer's position, and Brant followed early the next morning with about 400 Indians and Butler's Rangers. Although many of the Indians were armed with muskets, some were not, and only carried tomahawk and spear.[3]
Battle
On the morning of August 6, Herkimer held a war council. Since his force had not yet heard the expected signal from the fort, he wanted to wait. However, his captains pressed him to continue, accusing Herkimer of being a Tory because his brother was serving under St. Leger.[13] Stung by these accusations, Herkimer ordered the column to march on toward Stanwix.[14]
About six miles (9.6 km) from the fort, the road dipped more than fifty feet (15 m) into a marshy ravine, where a stream about three feet (1 m) wide meandered along the bottom.[15] Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter, two Seneca war chiefs, chose this place to set up an ambush.[16] While the King's Royal Yorkers waited behind a nearby rise, the Indians concealed themselves on both sides of the ravine. The plan was for the Yorkers to stop the head of the column, after which the Indians would attack the extended column.[15] At about 10 am, Herkimer's column, with Herkimer on horseback near the front, descended into the ravine, crossed the stream, and began ascending the other side.[12]
Contrary to the plan, the Indians lying in wait near the rear of the column, apparently unable to contain themselves any longer, opened fire, taking the column completely by surprise. Leading the 1st Regiment (Canajoharie district), Colonel Ebenezer Cox was shot off his horse and killed in the first volley. Herkimer turned his horse to see the action, and was very shortly thereafter struck by a ball, which shattered his leg and killed the horse.[17] He was carried by several of his officers to a beech tree, where his men urged him to retire from further danger. He defiantly replied, "I will face the enemy", and calmly sat leaning against the tree, smoking a pipe and giving directions and words of encouragement to the men nearby.[18]
As the trap had been sprung too early, portions of the column had not yet entered the ravine.[17] Most of these men panicked and fled; some of the attacking Indians pursued them, resulting in a string of dead and wounded that extended for several miles.[19] Between the loss of the column rear and those killed or wounded in the initial volleys, only about one half of Herkimer's men were likely still fighting thirty minutes into the battle.[17] Some of the attackers, notably those not armed with muskets, waited for the flash of an opponent's musket fire before rushing to attack with the tomahawk before the enemy had time to reload, a highly effective tactic against those men who did not have bayonets.[17][20] Louis Atayataronghta, a Mohawk warrior fighting with Herkimer's men, shot one of the enemy whose fire had been devastating in its accuracy, noting that "every time he rises up he kills one of our men".[21]
Herkimer's men eventually rallied, fighting their way out of the ravine to the crest just to its west. John Johnson, concerned about the militia's tenacity, returned to the British camp and requested some reinforcements from St. Leger shortly before a thunderstorm broke out. Another seventy men headed back with him toward the battle.[22] The thunderstorm caused a one-hour break in the fighting,[18] during which Herkimer regrouped his militia on the higher ground. He instructed his men to fight in pairs: while one man fired and reloaded, the other waited and then only fired if attacked. Ordered to fire in relays, the pairs were to try to keep at least one weapon loaded at all times, to reduce the effectiveness of the tomahawk attacks.[20]
John Butler, the leader of the rangers, took time during the thunderstorm to question some of the captives, and learned about the three-cannon signal. When Johnson and his reinforcements arrived, Butler convinced them to turn their coats inside out to disguise themselves as a relief party coming from the fort.[23] When the fighting restarted, Johnson and the rest of his Royal Yorkers joined the battle, but one of the Patriot militiamen, Captain Jacob Gardinier, recognized the face of a Loyalist neighbor. Close combat, at times hand-to-hand fighting between neighbors, continued for some time.[20][24]
Sortie from Fort Stanwix
When Herkimer's messengers reached the fort around 11 am, Colonel Gansevoort began organizing the requested sortie. After the heavy thunderstorm passed, Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett led 250 men from the fort, and proceeded to raid the nearly deserted enemy camps to the south of the fort. Driving away the few British and Indians left in those camps (who included women) and taking four prisoners along the way,[25] the Patriots collected blankets and other personal possessions from the Indian camps. They also successfully raided John Johnson's camp, taking his letters and other writings (including an intercepted letter to Gansevoort from his fiancée).[26][27]
One of the Indians who had stayed behind to guard the camp ran to the battlefield to alert fellow warriors that their camps were being raided.[28] They disengaged with cries of "Oonah, oonah!", the Seneca signal to retire, and headed for the camps to protect their women and possessions. This forced the smaller number of German and Loyalist combatants to also withdraw.[20]
Aftermath
Patriots
The battered remnant of Herkimer's force, with Herkimer seriously wounded and many of its captains killed, retreated to Fort Dayton. The wounded Herkimer was carried by his men from the battlefield. His leg was amputated, but the operation went poorly and he died on August 16.[29] While the Indians retrieved most of their dead from the battlefield the following day, many dead and wounded Patriots were left on the field. When Benedict Arnold's relief column marched through the scene several weeks later, the stench and grisly scene was, according to various accounts, quite memorable.[30]
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When General Philip Schuyler learned of the retreat from Oriskany, he immediately organized additional relief to be sent to the area. The siege at Fort Stanwix was eventually lifted on August 21 when a relief column led by General Benedict Arnold approached. While still at Fort Dayton, Arnold sent messengers into the British camp who convinced the British and Indian besiegers that his force was much larger than it was in fact.[31]
Loyalists
Loyalist John Butler was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel for his role in the battle, and authorized to raise a regiment that became known as Butler's Rangers.[32] After the siege was lifted, some Loyalists returned to Quebec. Others (including numerous warriors from various tribes) joined Burgoyne's campaign on the Hudson.[33]
Native Americans
Brant and Sayenqueraghta, the principal Seneca chief, proposed the next day to continue the fighting by pursuing the Colonials downriver toward German Flatts but St. Leger turned their proposal down.[34] This battle marked the beginning of the civil war in the Iroquois Confederacy. It was the first time that their peoples had fought against each other. Four of the Iroquois nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga, were allied with the British, as were some Oneida. The Iroquois in St. Leger's camp met in council and decided to send the rebel-allied Oneida a bloody hatchet.[27] Brant's Mohawks raided and burned the Oneida settlement of Oriska later in the siege. In retaliation, the Oneida plundered the Mohawk castles of Tiononderoge and Canajoharie. They later raided the Fort Hunter Mohawk, prompting most of the remaining Mohawk in central New York to flee to Quebec.[35]
According to a mid-19th century account, Brant's Indians were said to have tortured and eaten some of their prisoners.[36] However, modern historians dispute this. It is likely that some of the prisoners taken were ritually killed (which to Europeans is extremely similar to torture); there does not appear to be any evidence of cannibalism (ritual or otherwise). John Butler reported that four prisoners held by the Indians "were conformable to the Indian custom afterwards killed."[37]
Winners and losers
The battle was, based on the percentage of casualties suffered, one of the bloodiest of the war.[38] About half of Herkimer's force was killed or wounded, as was about 15% of the British force.[4][5]
St. Leger claimed the battle as a victory, as he had stopped the American relief column, but the Americans maintained control of the battlefield after the withdrawal of the opposing Indians. The British victory was tempered by the discontent of the Indians after the battle. When they joined the expedition, they expected that the British forces would do most of the fighting. They were the dominant fighters in this action, and some suffered the loss of their personal belongings taken during the American sortie from the fort. This blow to their morale contributed to the eventual failure of St. Leger's expedition.[39]
Legacy
Blacksnake, one of the Indians at the battle, was interviewed many years afterwards. He recalled, "I thought at that time the Blood Shed a Stream running down on the decending [sic] ground."[40] A monument commemorating the battle was erected in 1884 at 43°10.6'N 75°22.2'W,[41] and much of the battlefield is now preserved in the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. The site was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1962,[42] and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.[43]
Nicholas Herkimer was honored when the town of Herkimer and Herkimer County, New York were named for him.[44]
Representation in popular culture
- Colonial settlement and wars in the Mohawk Valley, including the Battle of Oriskany, were memorialized by Walter D. Edmonds in his 1937 novel, Drums Along the Mohawk and its film adaptation.
- The battle was honored by the naming of the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany, launched in 1945.[45]
- The battle acts as the crux of Charles Fenno Hoffman's 1840 novel Greyslaer.
See also
- Adam F. Helmer, one of Herkimer's messengers
- Sampson Sammons, a Colonel
Footnotes
- ↑ Dieffenbacher, p. 12
- ↑ Figures obtained from Glatthaar (2006), pp. 160,356. He notes on p. 356 that 10–20% of Herkimer's column falls out before reaching the battlefield. The Oneida figures are his estimate, based in part on oral tradition, and actually include at least one Mohawk, Louis Atayataronghta (see battle description for quote).
- 1 2 Glatthaar (2006), p. 164
- 1 2 Watt (2002) pp. 316–320
- 1 2 Watt (2002), p. 194
- ↑ Bilharz (2009), p. 93.
- ↑ Ketchum (1997), p. 84
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), pp. 195–199
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), pp. 159–160
- 1 2 Glatthaar (2006), p. 160
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 161
- 1 2 Glatthaar (2006), p. 163
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 202
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 203
- 1 2 Nickerson (1967), p. 205
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 135
- 1 2 3 4 Glatthaar (2006), p. 166
- 1 2 Nickerson (1967), p. 207
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 206
- 1 2 3 4 Nickerson (1967), p. 208
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 167
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 174
- ↑ Watt (2002), pp. 179–180
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 168
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 171
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 210
- 1 2 Watt (2002), p. 196
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 185
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 169
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 263
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), pp. 174–5
- ↑ Bowler (2000)
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 269
- ↑ Kelsay (1984), p. 208
- ↑ Glatthaar (2006), p. 177
- ↑ Stone (1865), pp. 459–460
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 197
- ↑ Canfield (1909), p. 57
- ↑ Nickerson (1967), p. 211
- ↑ Watt (2002), p. 177
- ↑ Cookinham (1915), p. 340.
- ↑ NHL summary listing
- ↑ NRHP
- ↑ Benton (1856), p. 164
- ↑ Oriskany DANFS entry
References
- Benton, Nathaniel Soley (1856). A history of Herkimer County. Albany: J. Munsell. OCLC 1634048.
- Bilharz, Joy (February 2009). Oriskany: A Place of Great Sadness/ A Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography (PDF). National Park Service. OCLC 464237289. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
- Bowler, R. Arthur; Wilson, Bruce G. (1979). "Butler, John". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Canfield, William Walker; Clark, J. E. (1909). Things worth knowing about Oneida County. Utica, New York: T. J. Griffiths. OCLC 6674932.
- Cookinham, Henry J. (1915). "The Battle of Oriskany". Proceedings of the New York Historical Association, Volume 14. New York Historical Association.
- Dieffenbacher, Jane W; Herkimer County Historical Society (2002). Herkimer County: Valley Towns. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-0977-8. OCLC 50147332.
- Foote, Allan D (1998). Liberty March, The Battle of Oriskany. North Country Books. ISBN 0-925168-72-6.
- Glatthaar, Joseph T; Martin, James Kirby (2006). Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-4601-0. OCLC 63178983.
- Greene, Nelson (1925). History Of The Mohawk Valley, Gateway To The West, 1614–1925. Reprint Services Corp. ISBN 0-7812-5180-X.
- Kelsay, Isabel (1984). Joseph Brant 1743–1807 Man of Two Worlds. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0182-4.
- Kenney, Alice P (1975). Stubborn for Liberty: The Dutch in New York. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0113-1.
- Ketchum, Richard M (1997). Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-6123-9. OCLC 41397623.
- National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- "Oriskany Battlefield". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2007-09-11.
- "Oriskany". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
- Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) [1928]. The Turning Point of the Revolution. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat. OCLC 549809.
- Stone, William Leete (1865) [1838]. Life of Joseph Brant. Albany, NY: J. Monsell. OCLC 3509591.
- Watt, Gavin K (2002). Rebellion in the Mohawk Valley: The St. Leger Expedition of 1777. Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 1-55002-376-4. OCLC 49305965.
Further reading
- Berleth, Richard (2009). Bloody Mohawk: the French and Indian War & American Revolution on New York's Frontier. Hensonville, NY: Black Dome Press. ISBN 978-1-883789-66-4. OCLC 454376897.
- Edmonds, Walter D (1937). Drums Along the Mohawk. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-8156-0457-2.
External links
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Oriskany. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Oriskany. |
- The King's Royal Regiment of New York
- The Battle of Oriskany: "Blood Shed a Stream Running Down", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- Captain Johannes Dygert killed at Oriskany at Find A Grave