Battle of Hormizd-Ardashir

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Muslim conquest
of Persia

Mesopotamia

Khuzestan

Central Persia

Northern Persia

Tabaristan
Armenia
Azerbaijan

Pars

Bishapur
Darabgerd
1st Estakhr
Gor
2nd Estakhr

Kerman

Sirjan
Qeshm

Sakastan

Zaranj

Khorasan

The battle of Hormizd-Ardashir city was a part of Muslim conquest of Khuzestan.

Background

Tabari starts relating the occupation of Khuzestan In the 17 year of Islamic calendar the conquest of Suq al-Ahwaz, Manadhir and Nahr Tira took place according to some; according to others, that was in the year 16 after Hijrah.^[1] According to al_sari-Shuyab-Muhammed, Talhah, al-Muhallab, and Amr Al-Hurmuzan was one of the seven noble families among the Persians. His territory was Mihrijan Qadhaq and the district of al_Ahwaz. These were families who were higher in rank than anybody in Fars. When al- Hurmuzan was routed at the battle of al-Qadisiyyah and back to his territory and fought who attacked them. Al-Hurmuzan raiding the people of Maysan and Dastimaysan from two directions, Manadhir and Nahr Tira. In response of this Caliph Umar sent contingents to quell Hurmuzan^[2]

Battle

According to al_sari-Shuyab-Muhammed, Talhah, al-Muhallab, and Amr: Al-Hurmuzan was one of the seven noble families among the Persians. His territory was Mihrijan Qadhaq and the district of al_Ahwaz. These were families who were higher in rank than anybody in Fars. When al- Hurmuzan was routed at the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, he headed for his territory and fought him who attacked them. Al-Hurmuzan used to make raides on the people of Maysan and Dastimaysan [Transl. note: These are districts north of al-Basra and west of al_ahwaz.] from two directions, Manadhir and Nahr Tira."

In order to avoid misunderstanding of the last sentence we quote these paragraphs from the events of year 14. (Vol. 12, pp. 171–172):

"According to Abayah b. Abd Amr: I participated in the conquest of al-Ubullah with Utbah. Utbah sent Nafid b. al-Harith to Umar with the news of the conquest. The people of Dastimaysan gathered [an army] against us. Utbah said: I think that we should march against them. We marched and confronted the governor(marzuban) of Dastimaysan. We fourth him; his companions were defited and he was taken prisoner, his mantle and belt being seized. Utbah sent him [to Umar] with Anas b. Hujayyah al-Yashkuri. According to Abu al-Malih al-Hudhali: Utbah sent Anas b. Hujayyahto Umar with the belt of the governor of the Dast-i Maysan. Umar said to him: "What is the condition of Muslims?" Anas said: "The [wealth of this] world has engulfed them, and they are dripping with gold and silver." The people became attracted by al-Basra and came to live there."

Then Tabari relates the battle between people of Maysan and Muslims and victory of the latter. This returns to Hurmuzan (Vol. 13 pp. 115–116):

"Utbah b. Ghazwan asked Sa'd for reinforcements, so the latter sent him Nu'yam b. Muqarrin and Nu'yam b. Mas'ud, ordering them to go to the highest point of overlooking Maysan and Dastimaysan until they had reached a position between al-Hurmuzan (and his people ) were and Nahr Tira. Utbah b. Ghazwan sent Sulma b. al-Qayn and Harmalah b. Muraytah out on a certain mission. They were two of the Companions of the Messenger of God, who had made the Hijrah with him; both from Adawiyyah clan of Hanzalah. They arrived at the border of the land of Maysan and Dastimaysan, at a point between al-Hurmuzan and Manadhir. There they called upon Banu al-Ami. So Ghalib al-Walili and Kulayb b. Wail al-Kulaybi responded. They had separated from Nu'aym (b. Muqarrin) and Nuaym (b Masud) and turned away from them. Now they went to Sulma and Harmala. After they had arrived there, the latter said, "You are from the same tribe therefore you may not desert us. When the day such-and-such has come, rise against al-Hurmuzan. One of us will attack Manadhir, the other Nahr Tira and we will kill al-Hurmuzan's fighters. Then we will come to you again. God willing, there is no other enemy other that al-Hurmuzan." After the two men from the Ami b. Malik clan had promised their cooperation, they returned to their clansmen who, in their turn, also agreed to help."

Tabari explains the origin of the name al-Aam: (Vol. 13, Paragraph# 2536, pp. 116–117):

"There is a story explaining how this man called al-Ami came by his name. This al-Ami was Murrah b. Malik b. Hanzalah b. Malik b. Zayd Manat b. Tamim, with whom, as well as with al-Usayyah b. Imri al-Qays, there settled a mixed bunch of people from Ma'ad.[Translator's note: Ma'ad is a collective name for northern Arab tribes.] Those people who were of the opinion that he should not give support to Persians in controlling al-Ardawan had believed him to be blind to what was the proper course of action. Concerning this attitude, Ka'b b. Malik, his brother -sometimes it is Sudday (b. Malik who is mentioned) - composed the following verses (in tawil):

(Though) once a good man, now our Murrah is blind, and, deaf to his kinsman's pleas, he has set out to settle away from us, spurning his land, and seek with the Persian lords power and fame."

Then Tabari explains the meaning of Ami as I quoted above. In the next paragraph (2537, page 118) Tabari says that at that particular night, Sulma, Harmala, Nu'aym and Hurmuzan "came face to face at a spot between Duluth and Nahr Tira, Sulma b. al-Qayn at the head of the warriors from al-Basraand Nuaym b. Muqarrin in the command of those from al-Kufah. Then fighting broke out." "Then the news that Mandahir and Nahr Tira had been taken reached al-Hurmuzan. So God broke his strength and that of his army and defeated him and his troops. The Muslims killed and captured as many as they wanted from them and they pursued them until they came to a halt on the bank of the Dujail[Transl. note: nowadays Karun] , having occupied all the land this side (i.e. that is west) of the river. They encamped opposite Suq al-Ahwaz. In the meantime, al-Hurmuzan had crossed the bridge to Suq al-Ahwaz and taken up residence there."

Tabari next says (paragraph 2538 Vol. 13, pp. 119–120):

"When Muslim warriors invaded al-Hurmuzan's territory and set up their camp close to where he was in al-Ahwaz, he realized that he lacked manpower to overcome them. So he begged for peace, whereupon they wrote about that proposal to Utbah, asking him for directives in this matter. Al-Hurmuzan sent a letter to Utbah who, while accepting the proposed peace treaty, answered that al-Hurmuzan was to remain in control of all of al-Ahwaz and Mihrijan Qadhaq with the exception of Nahr Tira and Manadhir and that area of Suq al-Ahwas that the Muslims had already conquered. What we had liberated from Persian rule would not be returned to them. Sulma b. al-Qayn placed a garrison in Manadhir under the command of Ghalib, and Harmala placed one in Nahr Tira under the command of Kulayb. They had formerly commanded the forces of al-Basra.

(paragraph 2541) Omar sends "Hurqus b. Zuhair al-Sadi one of the Prophet's Companions as reinforcement." and "So, when they crossed over the bridge to the other side, fighting broke out while they were still on that part directly facing Suq al-Ahwas. In the end al-Hurmuzan was beaten. He set out in the direction of Ramhurmuz took a village called al-Shaghar on the dam of Arbuk and finally alighted at Ramhurmuz. Hurqus conquered Suq al-Ahwaz and took up residence there. Then he entered the mountain region, and the administration of the whole region from Suq al-Ahwaz all the way to Tustar became well organized. He imposed the jizah, wrote the news about the conquest to Umar and sent fifth parts of the booty acquired in the different areas, dispaching a delegation to carry this to him."

Tabari quotes a poem by "al-Aswad b. Sari" (paragraph 2542):"We wrested from al-Hurmuzan a whole area so rich in provisions in every district. It's dry land and water supply well in balance, when excellent groves come to early fruition. This land has a turbulent stream into which por tributaries from both sides, always overflowing." Then In paragraph 2543, Tabari says:"When al-Hurmuzan had arrived in Ramhurmuz and the province of al_ahwaz had become full of the Muslims settling in it, even right in front of him, he sent a peace agreement and sent messages to Hurqus and Jaz asking for this." Hurmuzan was defeated again in Ramhormoz.^[3]

Aftermath

Occupation of Ahvaz City and settlement of Muslims

"While the people of al-Basrah and those who were living under their protection were thus engaged, a controversy flared up, each side putting forth contradictory claims concerning the boundaries of their lands, between al-Hurmuzan on the one hand and Ghalib and Kulayb on the other. Sulma and Harmala went there to see what going on among them and found Galib and Kulayb to be in the right and al-Hurmuzan to be wrong. So they separated the quarreling parties. Moreover al-Hurmuzan went back on his word and withheld what he had accepted to pay. Then he called upon the Kurds to help him, whereupon his army grew in strength."

Now (paragraph 2541) Omar sends "Hurqus b. Zuhair al-Sadi one of the Prophet's Companions as reinforcement." and "So, when they crossed over the bridge to the other side, fighting broke out while they were still on that part directly facing Suq al-Ahwas. In the end al-Hurmuzan was beaten.

Notes

↑ Tabari Vol. 13, paragraph# 2534, pp. 114–115
↑ https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MIlNYGOw53IC&pg=PA122&dq=suq+al-ahwaz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KhusVM31GcqQuATM4IHgCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=suq%20al-ahwaz&f=false
↑ The History of al-Tabari Vol. 13 Page 140

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