Bacillithiol

Bacillithiol
Identifiers
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:61338 N
ChemSpider 24604693 YesY
PubChem 42614123
Properties
C13H22N2O10S
Molar mass 398.39 g/mol
Density 1.629 g/mL
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Bacillithiol (BSH or Cys-GlcN-mal) is a thiol compound found in Bacillus species.[1] It is likely involved in maintaining cellular redox balance and plays a role in microbial resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin.

Structure

Chemically, it is a glycoside formed between L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine and malic acid. It was isolated and identified (as its bacillithiol-S-bimane derivative) in 2009 from Staphylococcus aureus and Deinococcus radiodurans,[1] although it was first detected in 2007, as an unidentified thiol in Bacillus anthracis.[2] The naturally occurring free thiol form of bacillithiol has since been synthesised and characterised along with its biosynthetic precursors and its symmetrical disulfide.[3]

Biological role

Bacillithiol appears to participate in the sensing of peroxides by Bacillus,[4] but may also substitute for glutathione, which is the most common intracellular thiol in eukaryotes and some bacteria.[1] Some of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of bacillithiol were identified and characterized in 2010.[5] Bacteria engineered to be deficient in bacillithiol demonstrated increased sensitivity to various electrophilic xenobiotic compounds, including the antibiotic fosfomycin, suggesting that in these organisms the mechanism of fosfomycin resistance relies on the presence of bacillithiol.[5] Furthermore, in vitro kinetic studies have established that bacillithiol is a preferred thiol substrate for the antibiotic resistance enzyme FosB.[3][6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Newton, G. L.; Rawat, M.; La Clair, J. J.; Jothivasan, V. K.; Budiarto, T.; Hamilton, C. J.; Claiborne, A.; Helmann, J. D.; Fahey, R. C. (2009). "Bacillithiol is an antioxidant thiol produced in Bacilli". Nature Chemical Biology. 5 (9): 625–627. doi:10.1038/nchembio.189. ISSN 1552-4450. PMC 3510479Freely accessible. PMID 19578333.
  2. ↑ Nicely, I.; Parsonage, D.; Paige, C.; Newton, L.; Fahey, C.; Leonardi, R.; Jackowski, S.; Mallett, C.; Claiborne, A. (Mar 2007). "STRUCTURE OF THE TYPE III PANTOTHENATE KINASE FROM Bacillus anthracis AT 2.0 Å RESOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COENZYME A-DEPENDENT REDOX BIOLOGY,". Biochemistry. 46 (11): 3234–3245. doi:10.1021/bi062299p. ISSN 0006-2960. PMC 2613803Freely accessible. PMID 17323930.
  3. 1 2 S. V. Sharma; V. K. Jothivasan; G. L. Newton; H. Upton; J. I.Wakabayashi; M. G. Kane; A. A. Roberts; M. Rawat; J. J. La Clair & C. J. Hamilton. (July 2011). "Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Bacillithiol: A Unique Low-Molecular-Weight Thiol amongst Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (31): 7101–7104. doi:10.1002/anie.201100196. PMID 21751306.
  4. ↑ Lee, W.; Soonsanga, S.; Helmann, D. (May 2007). "A complex thiolate switch regulates the Bacillus subtilis organic peroxide sensor OhrR" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (21): 8743–8748. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8743L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702081104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1885573Freely accessible. PMID 17502599.
  5. 1 2 Gaballa A, Newton GL, Antelmann H, et al. (April 2010). "Biosynthesis and functions of bacillithiol, a major low-molecular-weight thiol in Bacilli". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (14): 6482–6. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6482G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000928107. PMC 2851989Freely accessible. PMID 20308541.
  6. ↑ A. A. Roberts; S. V. Sharma; A. W. Strankman; S. R. Duran; M. Rawat & C. J. Hamilton. (July 2013). "Mechanistic studies of FosB: a divalent-metal-dependent bacillithiol-S-transferase that mediates fosfomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus". Biochem. J. 451 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1042/BJ20121541. PMID 23256780.
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