Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya

Spontaneous citizens' memorial at entrance to Anna Politkovskaya's Moscow apartment 10 October 2006

The assassination of Anna Politkovskaya (born 1958), a Russian journalist, writer and human rights activist, took place on 7 October 2006. She was known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and for criticism of Vladimir Putin.[1][2] She authored several books about the Chechen wars, as well as Putin's Russia, and received numerous international awards for her work. Her murder, believed to be a contract killing, sparked a strong international reaction.

Background

Politkovskaya's book, Putin's Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy, criticized Putin's federal presidency, including his pursuit of the Second Chechen War. She accused Putin and the Russian secret service FSB of stifling civil liberties in order to establish a Soviet-style dictatorship, while admitting that "it is we who are responsible for Putin's policies":

"Society has shown limitless apathy.... As the Chekists have become entrenched in power, we have let them see our fear, and thereby have only intensified their urge to treat us like cattle. The KGB respects only the strong. The weak it devours. We of all people ought to know that."

She also wrote:

"We are hurtling back into a Soviet abyss, into an information vacuum that spells death from our own ignorance. All we have left is the internet, where information is still freely available. For the rest, if you want to go on working as a journalist, it's total servility to Putin. Otherwise, it can be death, the bullet, poison, or trial—whatever our special services, Putin's guard dogs, see fit."[3]

"People often tell me that I am a pessimist, that I don't believe in the strength of the Russian people, that I am obsessive in my opposition to Putin and see nothing beyond that," she opens an essay titled Am I Afraid?, finishing it—and the book—with the words: "If anybody thinks they can take comfort from the 'optimistic' forecast, let them do so. It is certainly the easier way, but it is the death sentence for our grandchildren."[4][5]

Death threats

In September 2004, while traveling to Beslan, Russia, during the Beslan school hostage crisis to help in negotiations with the hostage-takers, Politkovskaya fell violently ill and lost consciousness after drinking tea. She had been reportedly poisoned,[6] with some accusing the former Soviet secret police poison facility.[7]

In December 2005, while attending a conference on freedom of the press organized by Reporters Without Borders in Vienna, Austria, Politkovskaya said: "People sometimes pay with their lives for saying aloud what they think. In fact, one can even get killed for giving me information. I am not the only one in danger. I have examples that prove it."[8] She often received death threats as a result of her work,[9] including being threatened with rape and experiencing a mock execution after being arrested by the military in Chechnya.[10]

According to Russian state security officer Alexander Litvinenko, Politkovskaya asked him if her life was in imminent danger before the assassination. He confirmed the danger and recommended her to escape from Russia immediately. He also asserted that former presidential candidate Irina Hakamada warned Politkovskaya about threats to her life coming from Putin. Hakamada later denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, and said that she warned Politkovskaya only in general terms more than a year before her death.[11] It remains unclear whether the warning by Litvinenko was related to an earlier statement made by Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky, who claimed that former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Boris Nemtsov received word from Hakamada that Putin threatened her and like-minded colleagues in person. According to Berezovsky, Putin uttered that Hakamada and her colleagues "will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively" if they "open the mouth" about the Russian apartment bombings.[12]

Assassination

On 7 October 2006, Politkovskaya was found shot dead in the elevator of her apartment block in central Moscow.[13][14] Police found a Makarov pistol and four shell casings beside her body. Reports indicated a contract killing, as she was shot four times, once in the head.[15][16]

The assassination occurred on Vladimir Putin's birthday, and some people noted the coincidence.[17]

The funeral was held on Tuesday, 10 October 2006, at 2:30 p.m. at the Troyekurovsky Cemetery. Before Politkovskaya was buried, more than 1,000 people filed past her coffin. Dozens of Politkovskaya's colleagues, public figures and admirers of her work gathered for the funeral. No high-ranking Russian officials were seen at the ceremony.[18]

Reaction

The European Union and many governments condemned the murder of Politkovskaya, calling for a thorough investigation into the crime by Russian authorities.

Soon after her death, Vitaly Yaroshevsky, deputy editor of Novaya Gazeta, where she worked, said: "The first thing that comes to mind is that Anna was killed for her professional activities. We don't see any other motive for this terrible crime."[19] He said Politkovskaya gave an interview to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty the week before her death in which she said she was a witness in a criminal case against Ramzan Kadyrov in connection with abductions in Chechnya—a case based on her reporting. In that same interview, she called Kadyrov the "Stalin of our days".[20]

On 8 October 2006, hundreds rallied in downtown Moscow to protest the murder of Politkovskaya and the recent crackdown on ethnic Georgians.[21] The demonstration was described by the Moscow-based, liberal radio station Echo of Moscow as "the largest protest rally of the opposition recently held in Russia."[22] A day after the murder, there was a demonstration and memorial consisting of 500 people in Moscow as well as 300 people gathering in St. Petersburg. Further rallies and vigils took place in other Russian cities, including St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Saratov and Krasnoyarsk, as well as London, Paris, New York, and Washington.[23]

In addition, more than 1,000 people (later estimation: more than 3,000) gathered at the Russian embassy in Helsinki, Finland to pay their respects to Politkovskaya. The demonstration was silent, with people holding candles. Two of Politkovskaya's books have been published in Finland as translated editions.[24]

On 10 October 2006, 2,000 demonstrators called Putin a "murderer" during his visit to Dresden, Germany.[25][26][27] Putin replied:

"This journalist was indeed a sharp critic of the present Russian authorities...but the degree of her influence over political life in Russia was extremely insignificant. She was well-known in journalistic circles, among human rights activists, in the West. I repeat, her influence over political life in Russia was minimal.[28] And in my opinion murdering such a person certainly does much greater damage from the authorities' point of view, authorities that she strongly criticized, than her publications ever did."[29][30][31]

Possibly related events in the aftermath of her death

Politkovskaya's assassination was discussed by the media in connection with the deaths of other critics of Putin,[32] including her colleague from Novaya Gazeta Yuri Shchekochikhin,[33][34] Russian Duma members Galina Starovoitova and Sergei Yushenkov, and journalist Artyom Borovik:[35]

"Name the bastard. Anna Politkovskaya did not do it, so I will, for both of us.[36] You may succeed in silencing one man but the howl of protest from around the world will reverberate, Mr Putin, in your ears for the rest of your life. May God forgive you for what you have done, not only to me but to beloved Russia and its people".
According to some reports, Litvinenko tried to investigate Politkovskaya's death.[37][38] He was also writing a book about FSB activities including concentration camps in Chechnya. In that regard, he had frequent contacts with Politkovskaya.[39] Litvinenko's poisoning was remarkably similar to the thallium poisoning of KGB defector Nikolai Khokhlov,[40] whom Politkovskaya had interviewed for Novaya Gazeta.[41]

Many commentators have noted that she was killed on Putin's birthday. Historian Yuri Felshtinsky and political scientist Vladimir Pribylovsky commented that none of the official suspects had personal motives to kill Politkovskaya.[48]

Ramzan Kadyrov said that oligarch Boris Berezovsky was behind Politkovskaya's killing. "We would need Politkovskaya today to show what she used to say, and what there is now. People arrive and walk freely around Grozny. A normal life! How could our enemies use Politkovskaya effectively? By killing her. Who did it? Berezovsky, I believe," Kadyrov was quoted as saying in April 2009.[49]

Case developments

First arrests and official announcements

In late August 2007, police arrested ten suspects believed to have been involved in Politkovskaya's murder. Russia's Prosecutor-General Yuri Chaika stated that the plotters' aim was to start a crisis to destabilise Russia. The suspects included members of a Chechen organized crime group, as well as a number of former FSB agents.[50]

On 28 August 2007, Chaika met Putin and FSB director Nikolai Patrushev, during which he made an official announcement:

"Our investigation has led us to conclude that only people living abroad could be interested in killing Politkovskaya...Forces interested in de-stabilising the country, in stoking crisis...in discrediting the national leadership, provoking external pressure on the country, could be interested in this crime. Anna Politkovskaya knew who ordered her killing. She met him more than once."[51]

Chaika also said that Politkovskaya's killers were probably connected with the murders of Central Bank deputy chairman Andrei Kozlov and U.S. journalist Paul Khlebnikov.[52] The person noted by Chaika as organizer of the murder was identified in the media as Boris Berezovsky.[52] Chaika's statement was supported by Andrei Lugovoi, who had been indicted by a British court with regard to the Alexander Litvinenko poisoning. Lugovoi said Berezovsky had organized the murders of Politkovskaya and Litvinenko, and the attempted murder of Yelena Tregubova.[53]

Suspected killer identified

On 28 March 2008, it was reported that the suspected killer of journalist Anna Politkovskaya had been identified[54] as 30-year-old Chechen Rustam Makhmudov, a brother of Ibragim and Dzhabrail Makhmudovs, who have been suspected of complicity to the murder.[55][56]

On 3 April 2008, Investigating Committee of the Persecution Office of Russia Dmitry Dovgy[57] told the press that he is convinced that "Politkovskaya's murder was masterminded by Boris Berezovsky[58] and carried out by Khozh-Ahmed Noukhayev".[59] Dovgy said that the murder was aimed at undermining confidence in law and order in Russia. He said the organizers [of Politkovskaya's murder] "wanted to show that well-known people can be killed here in broad daylight, with the law enforcement agencies seemingly unable to solve such crimes". Berezovsky dismissed the accusations in an interview with Ekho Moskvy radio. "This is another attempt to distract the investigation from searching for the real person behind the murder", he said.

On 4 April 2008, Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported that all suspects in the case are members of Russian special services, and someone in the government protects the killers by openly disclosing the secret materials of the investigation.[60] The report discussed the involvement of Nukayev who allegedly also organized the assassination of Paul Khlebnikov. According to this publication, the traces of the killers lead to the gang of Maxim Lazovsky,[60] a former FSB officer who allegedly organized a bombing in Moscow in 1994, and was later involved in the 1999 Russian apartment bombings.[61][62]

On 18 June 2008, the investigating committee at the Moscow prosecutor general's office announced that the preliminary investigation was concluded, and three people, Sergey Khadzhikurbanov, Dzhabrail Makhmudov and Ibragim Makhmudov, were set to stand trial for murder. Another suspect, Pavel Ryaguzov, has been charged with lesser offenses, including abuse of office and extortion.[62][63] Colleagues who were close to Politkovskaya at Novaya Gazeta say the mystery is far from over however. The deputy editor of Novaya Gazeta magazine, Sergey Sokolov, said: "The investigation is finished in regards to only the three people in question. But as for other people involved – the ones who have been identified and those who are still to be identified, like the killer and the person who ordered the murder – they are set apart into a separate group. The investigation will be continued." Russian prosecutors said their investigation against Rustam Makhmudov, who a month ago they alleged shot Politkovskaya, was ongoing.[63]

On 1 July 2008, Russia's chief investigator Alexander Bastrykin confirmed that Rustam Makhmudov, the man believed by authorities to have fired the fatal shot, was hiding in western Europe. Bastrykin did not publicly identify the specific country, but said it was known by Russian authorities. Unconfirmed Russian media reports suggest that Moscow has requested Makhmudov's extradition from Belgium.[64] At the end of May 2011, Makhmudov was arrested in Chechnya.[65]

Other arrests

On 16 July 2012, Russian officials announced that a former police officer, Dmitry Pavlyuchenkov, a lieutenant colonel in the police when Politkovskaya had been assassinated, was charged with planning the murder of Politkovskaya.[66]

The trial

On 2 October 2008, the case against Khadzhikurbanov and Dzhabrail and Ibragim Makhmudov was sent to court by the prosecutors.[67]

On 25 November 2008, it was reported that the murder was ordered by a Russian politician. The defence lawyer representing the four men charged over Politkovskaya's murder told reporters that the unnamed politician, based in Russia, was mentioned in the case files.

The deputy Editor-in-chief editor of Novaya Gazeta Sergei Sokolov publicly asserted in court that the suspected hitman Rustam Makhmudov had been wanted for other crimes by the police since 1998, but had been protected by the Russian domestic secret service (FSB) and, personally, by FSB Colonel Pavel Ryaguzov who provided him with a forged passport. Ryaguzov was another suspect in the case. An attorney for Ryaguzov objected to this disclosure on the grounds that the alleged connections of Makmudov with the FSB represent a "state secret".[68]

On 19 February 2009 the trial ended with the unanimous jury acquittal of Dzhabrail Makhmudov, Ibragim Makhmudov, and Sergei Khadzhikurbanov. The prosecutor Vera Pashkovskaya stated that the verdict would be appealed.[69]

Commenting on the end of the trial against a few suspects in Moscow yesterday, Andrew McIntosh, Chairman of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly's Sub-Committee on the Media and Rapporteur on media freedom, expressed his deep frustration at the lack of progress in investigating the murder of Anna Politkovskaya on 7 October 2006 and the inability of the Russian authorities to find her killers: "Two years ago, in its Resolution 1535 (2007), the Assembly called on the Russian Parliament to closely monitor the progress in the criminal investigations regarding the murder of Anna Politkovskaya and hold the authorities accountable for any failures to investigate or prosecute. The closure of the trial yesterday can only be regarded as a blatant failure. I call on the Russian authorities and Parliament to relaunch a proper investigation and shed light on this murder, which undermines not only freedom of expression in Russia, but also its democratic foundation based on the rule of law. There are no excuses for these flawed investigations into murders of politically critical journalists writing against corruption and crime within government, such as the murders of Georgy Gongadze in Ukraine in 2000 and Paul Klebnikov in Moscow in 2004."[70]

The BBC comment on the trial's failure said: "The alleged killer was somehow tipped off and was able to flee the country. And it has never emerged why Anna Politkovskaya had been under surveillance by the FSB for at least two months before her murder. Very quickly the investigation ground to a halt. As soon as it became clear that the FSB was involved, a veil of secrecy descended."[71]

Retrial

On 25 June 2009, the Supreme Court overturned the not guilty verdicts and ordered a retrial for three men on charges related to her murder.[72][73]

In December 2012 former police officer Dmitry Pavliutchenkov was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison for the murder in a special bargain deal for providing evidence against those who ordered the killing. However, he did not actually name any person(s) who hired him to commit the murder, which prompted Politkovskaya's family to call for a longer sentence.[74]

In June 2014 five men were sentenced to prison for the murder, two of them receiving life sentences.

See also

References

  1. ↑ World Politics Review LLC,Politkovskaya's Death, Other Killings, Raise Questions About Russian Democracy, 31 October 2006
  2. ↑ "Anna Politkovskaya: Putin's Russia". BBC News. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  3. ↑ Poisoned by Putin The Guardian, 9 September 2004
  4. ↑ "Short biography from the 2003 Lettre Ulysses Award". Lettre-ulysses-award.org.
  5. ↑ Last article by Anna Politkovskaya Archived 6 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ "Russian journalist reportedly poisoned en route to hostage negotiations". IFEX. 3 September 2004. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  7. ↑ Sixsmith, Martin (8 April 2007). "The Laboratory 12 poison plot". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  8. ↑ "Trois journalistes tués le jour de l'inauguration à Bayeux du Mémorial des reporters'" (in French). Reporters Without Borders. 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  9. ↑ Meek, James (15 October 2004). "Dispatches from a savage war". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  10. ↑ Her Own Death, Foretold 15 October 2006
  11. ↑ Ирина Хакамада о партийном строительстве и экономической ситуации в России (in Russian). Svoboda News. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  12. ↑ Live interview with Berezovsky by Evgenia Albats, Radio Echo of Moscow, 11 June 2006. Transcript in Russian, computer translation.
  13. ↑ "Anna Politkovskaya is murdered" (in Russian). Lenta. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  14. ↑ "Chechen war reporter found dead". BBC News. 7 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  15. ↑ "Moscow's Kommersant daily's report of Politkovskaya's death". Kommersant.
  16. ↑ "A tribute site in memory of Anna Politkovskaya". Anna Politkovskaya.
  17. ↑ "The only good journalist ...". The Guardian. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  18. ↑ "Thousands mourn Russian journalist". Reuters. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
  19. ↑ Chechen war reporter found dead, by BBC News
  20. ↑ New and Old Ramzan (Russian), RFE/RL, Partial English translation
  21. ↑ "500 people rally in Moscow to protest journalist's murder, crackdown on Georgians". The International Herald Tribune. 8 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  22. ↑ Многочисленная акция памяти Анны Политковской прошла в центре Москвы на Пушкинской площади (in Russian). The Ekho Moskvy radio. 8 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  23. ↑ "Ingush Police Break Up Rally Honoring Politkovskaya". 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  24. ↑ "More than 1,000 attend vigil for murdered Russian journalist". HS. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
  25. ↑ "Putin mit "Mörder, Mörder"-Rufen empfangen". Die Welt (in German). 10 October 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  26. ↑ "Putin in Dresden mit "Mörder"-Rufen empfangen". Der Spiegel (in German). 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  27. ↑ Cleaver, Hannah; Blomfield, Adrian (11 October 2006). "Putin faces 'murderer' taunt as journalist is buried". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  28. ↑ Chechnya: Politkovskaya Mourned As 'Last Hope' 11 October 2006
  29. ↑ Meetings with Representatives of various Communities 10 October 2006
  30. ↑ "Mourners pay homage to slain journalist". A.P. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
  31. ↑ "Vladimir Putin and Angela Merkel Work Together". Kommersant. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  32. ↑ Kremlin, Inc. Why are Vladimir Putin’s opponents dying?, by Michael Specter, The New Yorker, 29 January 2007
  33. ↑ "Publications". Terror 99.
  34. ↑ "Агент Неизвестен". Novaya Gazeta. 30 October 2006.
  35. ↑ Russia: High-Profile Killings, Attempted Killings In The Post-Soviet Period, by RFE/RL
  36. ↑ Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko. Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB. Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4165-5165-2, page 328.
  37. ↑ "Radiation found after spy's death". BBC. 24 November 2006. Archived from the original on 21 January 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  38. ↑ "Who did it? Five theories of Litvinenko's demise". The Times. London. 26 November 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2006.
  39. ↑ Софья Корниенко (23 November 2006). "Александр всегда знал, что за ним охотятся". Svoboda News.
  40. ↑ "Встреча С Прошлым". Novaya Gazeta.
  41. ↑ "Свою Историю Болезни Я Так И Не Видел… Зачем?". Novaya gazeta.
  42. ↑ "Were Baisarov and Politkovskaya on the same hit list?". Chechnya Weekly. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  43. ↑ "Vladimir "Pooty-Poot" Putin, Bush's buddy, is getting out of hand". Rolling Stone. 21 November 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  44. ↑ "Бывший резидент КГБ Олег Гордиевский не сомневается в причастности к отравлению Литвиненко российских спецслужб". Svoboda News. 20 November 2006.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ "Police probe 'new KGB poison attack' as defector Gordievsky is found unconscious in Surrey home". Daily Mail. London. 6 April 2008.
  47. ↑ "Близкие Гайдара скрывают, в какой больнице он находится, опасаясь за его жизнь (ВЕРСИИ отравления)". Newsru.
  48. ↑ Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky, The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, ISBN 1-906142-07-6; pages 248–250
  49. ↑ "Berezovsky financed terrorists by paying ransoms – Chechen prez". Russia: RT. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009.
  50. ↑ "Arrests over Russia writer murder". BBC News. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  51. ↑ "Russia hints exile linked to murder". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 August 2007.
  52. 1 2 Russia: Politkovskaya's Colleagues Dispute Official Investigation, By Brian Whitmore, RFE/RL, 28 August 2007
  53. ↑ Berezovsky Masterminded Murders of Politkovskaya, Litvinenko, Tregubova, Lugovoy Said 29 August 2007
  54. ↑ Politkovskaya killer 'identified' BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2008
  55. ↑ "all measures are being taken to find and detain him". Генпрокуратура знает, кто стрелял в Политковскую. По нашим данным, киллером может быть 30-летний чеченец Рустам Махмудов Komsomolskaya Pravda 29 March 2007
  56. ↑ Vladimir Isachenkov (31 May 2011). "Rustam Makhmudov". The Huffington Post.
  57. ↑ see (Russian) Уголовный процесс по перестрелке на Рочдельской улице
  58. ↑ Главный следователь СКП назвал Березовского заказчиком убийства Политковской Lenta.Ru 3 April 2007 (Russian)
  59. ↑ Top investigator says Berezovsky ordered Politkovskaya's murder RIA Novosti. Retrieved 6 April 2008
  60. 1 2 Agents of special services are among organizers of Politkovskaya assassination. However someone protects them by disclosing secret materials of the criminal case by Sergei Sokolov, 6 April 2008
  61. ↑ Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky) The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, ISBN 1-906142-07-6;
  62. 1 2 Three to face trial for Politkovskaya murder RT. Retrieved 18 June 2008
  63. 1 2 Russia charges 3 men in Politkovskaya murder Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2008
  64. ↑ Politkovskaya suspect 'in Europe' BBC News. Retrieved 2 July 2008
  65. ↑ "Anna Politkovskaya murder suspect arrested in Chechnya". BBC. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  66. ↑ Walker, Shaun (17 July 2012). "Another arrest – but will we ever know who wanted Anna Politkovskaya dead?". The Independent. Moscow. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  67. ↑ Politkovskaya murder case sent to court Gazeta.ru. Retrieved 2 October 2008
  68. ↑ Код доступа, 12 June 2008
  69. ↑ Nowak, David; Birch, Douglas. "3 acquitted in brazen slaying of Russian reporter". Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  70. ↑ "PACE Rapporteur on failure of Moscow trail". Assembly. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009.
  71. ↑ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (20 February 2009). "Truth elusive in Politkovskaya case". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  72. ↑ Retrial for suspects in Politkovskaya murder case. CNN. 25 June 2009
  73. ↑ Top court overturns not-guilty verdicts in Politkovskaya trial. RIA Novosti. 25 June 2009
  74. ↑ "Russia: Assassin sentenced for journalist murder" (Press release). Amnesty International. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2014.

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