Ashtanga vinyasa yoga

This article is about a style of yoga consisting of six series founded by K. Pattabhi Jois. For the eightfold yoga path, a system first described in Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras, see Rāja (Ashtanga) Yoga.
Ashtanga yoga
Founder K. Pattabhi Jois
Established late 20th century
Practice emphases
Employs Vinyāsa, or connecting asanas.
Related schools
K. Pattabhi Jois teaching Ashtanga yoga with Larry Schultz, mid 1980s.

The Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is a style of yoga codified and popularized by K. Pattabhi Jois during the 20th century which is often promoted as a modern-day form of classical Indian yoga.[1] Ashtanga means eight limbs or branches, of which asana or physical yoga posture is merely one branch, breath or pranayama is another. Both Pattabhi Jois and Sharath Jois, his grandson, encourage practice of Ashtanga Yoga - all eight limbs. The first two limbs - Yamas and Niyamas - are given special emphasis to be practiced in conjunction with the 3rd and 4th limbs (asana and pranayama).[2]

Sri K. Pattabhi Jois began his yoga studies in 1927 at the age of 12, and by 1948 had established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute for teaching the specific yoga practice known as Ashtanga (Sanskrit for "eight-limbed") Yoga.[3] Ashtanga Yoga is named after the eight limbs of yoga mentioned in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.

"Power yoga" is a generic term that may refer to any type of aerobically vigorous yoga exercise derived from Ashtanga yoga.

Principles

Mysore Style

The term Mysore style comes from the city Mysore, in Karnataka, India, where Pattabhi Jois and T. Krishnamcharya taught. Students are expected to memorize a sequence and practice in the same room as others without being led by the teacher. The role of the teacher is to guide as well as provide adjustments or assists in postures.

Twice per week Mysore-style classes are substituted with led classes, where the teacher takes a group through the same series at the same time. However, it should be noted the inclusion of 2 led classes per week was only included in P. Jois' senior years.[4]

Sequences and Series

Usually an Ashtanga practice begins with five repetitions of Surya Namaskara A and five repetitions of Surya Namaskara B, followed by a standing sequence.[5] Following this the practitioner begins one of six series, followed by what is called the closing sequence.[5] The six series are:

  1. The Primary series: Yoga Chikitsa, Yoga for Health or Yoga Therapy
  2. The Intermediate series: Nadi Shodhana, The Nerve Purifier (also called the Second series)
  3. The Advanced series: Sthira Bhaga, Centering of Strength
  1. Advanced A, or Third series
  2. Advanced B, or Fourth series
  3. Advanced C, or Fifth series
  4. Advanced D, or Sixth series .[5][6]

Nancy Gilgoff reports that originally there were four series on the Ashtanga syllabus: Primary, Intermediate, Advanced A, and Advanced B. A fifth series of sorts was the "Rishi series", which Guruji said could be done once a practitioner had "mastered" these four.[7] Anthony Gary Lopedota also confirms this.[8]

Method of Instruction

According to Sharath Jois, one must master poses before being given permission to attempt any others that follow.[9] However, Manju Jois disagrees.[10][11] According to Manju's accounts of his father's instruction, Pattabhi Jois also occasionally allowed students to practice in a non linear format.[12] Many of Pattahbhi Jois' students now teach their Mysore classes in similar style, offering posture variations, and teaching Ashtanga in a much less linear style, with a greater emphasis on alignment and breathing.

Sharath's "new generation" of young students have adopted Sharath's new rules, and teach in a linear style without variations. According to the Sharath generation, variations are not allowed, and practice must be in a strict Mysore environment under the guidance of a Sharath-approved teacher. How-to videos & workshops, detailed alignment instructions, and strength-building exercises are not part of the method, neither for the practitioner or the teacher. These types of instruction are not approved by Sharath, and never taught by Sharath.[9] However most of his teachers who claim to have been taught by him will teach the above methods, exercises, & postures, even though none of what they teach is part of the Ashtanga method of instruction under Sharath.[9]

Pattabhi Jois also did not require students to independently drop back and come up from back bending before progressing to the 2nd series. Sharath changed the requirements, and has now made this mandatory.

ALIGNMENT

Officially, the style has very little alignment instruction.[13] However, many of Patthabi Jois' earliest teachers did emphasize very detailed alignment and posture-break down instructions, based on information they gathered outside of Pattabhi Jois direct instruction.

Sharath's teachers followed a similar trend, however unlike Pattahbhi Jois' students, attribute all their knowledge to Sharath. This stands in contradiction to the fact that Sharath does not teach or speak about alignment at any point in his instruction of students or teachers.[9]

Tradition

There is a lot of debate over the term "traditional" as applied to Ashtanga Yoga. Students of Pattabhi Jois noted, that he modified the sequence to suit the practitioner.[14] Some of the differences include the addition or subtraction of postures in the sequences,[5][15] changes to the vinyasa (full and half vinyasa),[16][17][18] and specific practice prescriptions to specific people.[14][19]

Nancy Gilgoff describes many differences in the way she was taught ashtanga to the way it is taught now. She notes that Pattabhi Jois originally left out seven postures in the standing sequence, but later assigned Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana and Ardha Baddha Padmottanasana before the Intermediate Series was given.[7] She notes that Utkatasana, Virabhadrasana A and B, Parivritta Trikonasana, and Parivritta Parsvakonasana were not in the series at this point.[7]

She also notes that he did not give her vinyasa between sides of the body poses or between variations of a pose (e.g., Janu Sirsasana A, B, and C were done together, then a vinyasa.[7] Likewise Baddha Koṇāsana, Upavishta Konasana, and Supta Konasana were also grouped together without vinyasa between them, as were Ubhaya Padangusthasana and Urdhva Mukha Paschimottanasana.[7]

According to Gilgoff, Pattabhi Jois prescribed practicing twice a day, primary and intermediate, with no vinyasa between sides in Krounchasana, Bharadvajasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana, Eka Pada Sirsasana, Parighasana, and Gomukhasana in the intermediate series.[7] Shalabhasana to Parsva Dhanurasana were done in a group, with a vinyasa only at the end.[7] Ushtrasana through Kapotasana also were done all together. The same went for Eka Pada Sirsasana through Yoganidrasana.[7] The closing sequence included only Mudrasana, Padmasana, and Tolasana until the completion of the Intermediate sequence, when the remainder of the closing sequence was assigned.[7] Urdhva Dhanurasana and "drop-backs" were taught after Intermediate Series.[7]

Nancy goes on to say that the Intermediate series included Vrishchikasana after Karandavasana. The Intermediate series ended with Gomukhasana.[7] Nancy also notes that Pattabhi Jois added Supta Urdhva Pada Vajrasana as well as the seven headstands when David Williams asked for more.[7] According to Nancy, these eight postures were not part of the Intermediate Series prior to this.

Tristhana

Tristhana means the three places of attention or action: breathing system (pranayama), posture (asana), and looking place (dristhi). These three are very important for yoga practice, and cover the three levels of purification: the body, nervous system and the mind. "They are always performed in conjunction with each other".[20]

Breath

In his book, "Yoga Mala", Pattabhi Jois recommends staying five to eight breaths in a posture, or staying for as long as possible in a posture.[21] Breathing instructions given are to do rechaka and puraka, (exhale and inhale) as much as possible.[21] "It is sufficient, however, to breathe in and out five to eight times in each posture." [21]

In an interview regarding the length of the breath, Pattabhi Jois said, (translated quote)

"Inhale 10 to 15 seconds then exhale also 10 to 15 seconds".[22]

He goes on to clarify,

"(As) your breath strength is possibly 10 second inhalations and exhalations, you do 10, 15 seconds possible, you do 15. One hundred possible, you perform 100. 5 is possible,  you do 5".<ref name="aysnyc.org"/>

His son Manju Jois, also recommends taking more breaths in difficult postures.[10]

Pattabhi Jois recommends breathing fully and deeply with the mouth closed. He does not specifically refer to Ujjayi breathing.[21] However, Manju Jois does. Manju Jois also refers to breathing called "‘dirgha rechaka puraka’, meaning long, deep, slow exhalations and inhalations. It should be dirgha... long, and like music. The sound is very important. You have to do the Ujjayi pranayama".[10]

In late 2011, Sharath Jois, the grandson of Pattabhi Jois, declared his feelings on the issue, stating that Ujjayi breathing was not done in the asana practice, but also stated that the breathing should be deep breathing with sound.[23] He reiterated this notion in a conference in 2013 stating, "You do normal breath, inhalation and exhalation with sound. Ujjayi breath is a type of prāṇāyāma. This is just normal breath with free flow".[9][24]

In 2014 published on YouTube, Manju Jois dodges the question, "What is the difference between Ujjayi breathing and free breathing?" by saying that "the breathing in Ashtanga should be long and deep with the sound like the ocean". He also states that if you don't make sound, that is okay, too. However he makes no distinction between the two terms and provides no explanation.[25]

As far as other types of Pranayama in Ashtanga, the consensus seems to be they should be practiced after the asanas have been mastered. Pattabhi Jois originally taught Pranayama to those practicing the second series, and later changed his mind, teaching Pranayama after the third series.[16][26][27]

Sharath Jois recently produced a series of videos teaching alternate nostril breathing to beginners. This was never taught to beginners by his grandfather, and is one of the many changes Sharath has made to the Ashtanga Yoga method of instruction.,[13][15]

Bandhas

Bandhas are one of the three key principles in Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, alongside breath and drishti. There are three principal bandhas which are considered internal body locks:

Both Pattabhi Jois and Sharath Jois recommend practicing Mula and Uddiyana bandha even when not practicing asana. Pattabhi Jois has this to say: (translated quote) "You completely exhale, apply mulabandha and after inhaling you apply uddiyana bandha. Both bandhas are very important... After bandha practice, take (your attention) to the location where they are applied and maintain that attention at all times, while walking, talking, sleeping and when walk is finished. Always you control mulabandha".[28]

Connection Between Breath and Bandhas

Sharath Jois says, "Without bandhas, breathing will not be correct, and the asanas will give no benefit".[20]

Dristhi

Dristhi is where you focus your eyes while in the asana. In the ashtanga yoga method, there is a prescribed point of focus for every asana. There are nine dristhis: the nose, between the eyebrows, navel, thumb, hands, feet, up, right side and left side.[20]

Vinyasa

In the words of Pattabhi Jois, "Vinyasa means 'breathing system'. Without vinyasa, don't do asana. When vinyasa is perfect, the mind is under control".[15]

Vinyasa means breathing with movement. For each movement, there is one breath. All asanas are assigned a certain number of vinyasas.[9][20]

According to Sharath, "The purpose of vinyasa is for internal cleansing. Breathing and moving together while performing asanas makes the blood hot, or as Pattabhi Jois says, boils the blood. Thick blood is dirty and causes disease in the body. The heat created from yoga cleans the blood and makes it thin, so that it may circulate freely".[29]

Sharath also claims that the heated blood removing toxins, impurities and disease from the organs through sweat produced during the practice. He claims that "it is only through sweat that disease leaves the body and purification occurs".[9][9][29]

Mantras

The Ashtanga practice is traditionally started with the following Sanskrit mantra:[30]

vande gurūṇāṁ caraṇāravinde saṁdarśita svātma sukhāvabodhe

niḥśreyase jāṅ̇galikāyamāne saṁsāra hālāhala mohaśāntyai

ābāhu puruṣākāraṁ śaṅ̇khacakrāsi dhāriṇam

sahasra śirasaṁ śvetam praṇamāmi patañjalim

which is roughly translated into English as:

I bow to the lotus feet of the gurus,
The awakening happiness of one's own self revealed,
Beyond better, acting like the jungle physician,
Pacifying delusion, the poison of Samsara.

Taking the form of a man to the shoulders,
Holding a conch, a discus, and a sword,
One thousand heads white,
To Patanjali, I salute.

and closes with the mangala mantra:[31]

svastiprajābhyaḥ paripālayantāṁ nyāyena mārgeṇa mahīṁ mahīśāḥ

gobrāhmaṇebhyaḥ śubhamastu nityaṁ lokāḥ samastāḥ sukhinobhavantu

which is roughly translated into English as:

May all be well with mankind,
May the leaders of the Earth protect in every way by keeping to the right path.
May there be goodness for those who know the Earth to be sacred.
May all the worlds be happy.

Sources

Pattabhi Jois claimed to have learned the system of Ashtanga from Krishnamcharya, who learned it from a text called Yoga Kurunta by Vamama Rishi.[32] This text was imparted to Sri T. Krishnamacharya in the early 1900s by his Guru, Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari. Jois insists that the text described all of the āsanas and vinyāsas of the sequences of the Ashtanga system.[33] However, the Yoga Kurunta text is said to have been eaten by ants, so it is impossible to verify his assertions.[33] Additionally, it is unusual that the text is not mentioned as a source in either of the books by Krishnamcharya, Yoga Makaranda (1934) and Yogāsanagalu (c. 1941).[33]

According to Manju Jois, the sequences of Ashtanga yoga were created by Krishnamcharya.[34] There is some evidence to support this in his book Yoga Makaranda, which list nearly all postures of the Pattabhi Jois Primary Series and several postures from the intermediate and advanced series, described with reference to vinyasa.[35]

There is also evidence that the Ashtanga Yoga series incorporates exercises used by Indian wrestlers and British gymnasts.[36] Recent academic research details documentary evidence that physical journals in the early 20th century were full of the postural shapes that were very similar to Krishnamacharya's asana system.[37] In particular, the flowing surya namaskar, which later became the basis of Krishnamacharya's Mysore style, was not yet considered part of yogasana.[37]

Eight Limbs of Ashtanga

Pattabhi Jois never made a distinction between his sequences of asana and the eight-limbed Ashtanga Yoga associated with Patanjali and the Yoga Sutras. It was his belief that asana, the third limb, must be practiced first, and only after could one master the other seven limbs.[15][29]

The sage Patanjali outlined eight aspects—or "limbs"— of spiritual yogic practice in his Yoga Sutras:[38]

Sanskrit English
Yama moral codes
Niyama self-purification and study
Asana posture
Pranayama breath control
Pratyahara withdrawing of the mind from the senses
Dharana concentration
Dhyana deep meditation
Samadhi Union with the object of meditation[39]

Confusion with Power Yoga

Power Yoga is a style of yoga created by Bryan Kest, in the late 80's.[40][41] Baron Baptiste, a Bikram enthusiast, put his own spin on the Power Yoga style, and branded it.

Neither Baron Baptiste's Power Yoga nor Bryan Kest's Power Yoga are synonymous with Ashtanga Yoga. In 1995, Pattabhi Jois wrote a letter to Yoga Journal magazine expressing his disappointment at the association between his Ashtanga Yoga, and the newly coined style Power Yoga, referring to it as "ignorant bodybuilding".[42] Yoga Journal Magazine: (scriptures).[42]

Media and Injury

In an article published by The Economist, it was reported that "a good number of Mr Jois's students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits or a backbend". Tim Miller, one of Jois's students, indicates that "the adjustments were fairly ferocious".[43] Injuries related to Jois's Ashtanga Yoga have been the subject of discussion in a Huffington Post article[44]

In 2008, yoga researchers in Europe published a survey, that lacked a control group therefore limiting internal validity, of practitioners of Ashtanga Yoga indicating that 62 percent of the respondents had suffered at least one injury that lasted longer than one month.[45][46]

However the mass media has reported injuries in other styles of yoga equally as often as in Ashtanga Yoga. For example, Bikram Yoga, Hot yoga, and Iyengar Yoga have received equally bad press.[47][48][45][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

The long holds in headstand and shoulder stand, essential postures to an Iyengar Yoga practice, have been reported as being linked to serious injury in numerous sources.[45][57][58][59] Broad had this to say: "One of the saddest and most thoughtful letters came from an elderly man who studied with Iyengar in India for 16 years. His list of personal injuries included torn ligaments, damaged vertebrae, slipped disks, deformed knees and ruptured blood vessels in his brain".[60]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Background". Ashtanga.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  2. ↑ http://ekaminhale.com/blogs/news/12763929-my-mysore-conference-notes-mar-9-2014
  3. ↑ Jois, Sri K. Pattabhi. Yoga Mala. New York: North Point Press, 2002.
  4. ↑ Mysore Style
  5. 1 2 3 4 David Swenson, "The Practice Manual"
  6. ↑ http://www.ashtangayoga.info/
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 http://www.ashtangamaui.com/articles-by-nancy/
  8. ↑ http://ashtangayogatherapy.com/bio
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Astanga Yoga Anusthana
  10. 1 2 3 http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/477116/5091764/1261014095430/Manju_Jois.pdf?token=%2BVAJGlnrwmABlUKlnr5OWV8el1E%3D
  11. ↑ http://loveyogaanatomy.com/manju-jois-mini-interview/
  12. ↑ http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=161
  13. 1 2 Yoga Breathing for Stress Relief with Sharath Jois
  14. 1 2 http://theconfluencecountdown.com/2012/01/05/who-has-done-all-of-the-ashtanga-series-does-it-matter/
  15. 1 2 3 4 Yoga Mala
  16. 1 2 http://www.ashtanga.com/html/article_miller_tim.html
  17. ↑ http://ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=98&Itemid=162
  18. ↑ Lino Miele, Astanga Yoga Book - The Yoga of Breath
  19. ↑ http://yogamindmedicine.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/reflections-on-guruji-portrait.html#more
  20. 1 2 3 4 http://kpjayi.org/the-practice
  21. 1 2 3 4 pg 108, Yoga Mala
  22. ↑ http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=162
  23. ↑ http://yogarose.net/2012/08/13/the-long-and-the-short-of-it-on-the-ashtanga-breath-which-for-the-record-is-not-ujjayi/
  24. ↑ http://joisyoga.com/2013/06/16/conference-notes-with-sharath-jois-kpjayi-march-2013/
  25. ↑ Manju Mini Interview 2014 on youtube
  26. ↑ http://www.ashtanga-yoga-victoria.com/k-pattabhi-jois.html
  27. ↑ http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=184
  28. ↑ http://www.ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=116&Itemid=162
  29. 1 2 3 http://kpjayi.org/the-institute/teachers
  30. ↑ "kpjayi.org/the-practice/opening-prayer"
  31. ↑ "kpjayi.org/the-practice/closing-prayer"
  32. ↑ Eddie Sterne, Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois Through the Eyes of His Students
  33. 1 2 3 Yoga Body
  34. ↑ http://ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=184
  35. ↑ Yoga Makaranta by T. Krishnamacharya
  36. ↑ Cushman, Anne. "New Light on Yoga". Yoga Journal.
  37. 1 2 Singleton, Mark. "Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice". Oxford University Press.
  38. ↑ Scott, John. Ashtanga Yoga: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Dynamic Yoga. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Pp. 14-17.
  39. ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 71.
  40. ↑ "Yoga body: the origins of modern posture practice" by Oleh Mark Singleton,Page 176
  41. ↑ Birch, Beryl Bender (1995-01-17). "Power yoga: The total strength and flexibility workout". ISBN 978-0-02-058351-6.
  42. 1 2 "A letter from Sri.K. Pattabhi Jois to Yoga Journal, Nov. 1995". Ashtanga Yoga Library. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  43. ↑ McLean, Bethany (April 2012), "Yoga-for-Trophy-Wives Fitness Fad That's Alienating Discipline Devotees", Vanity Fair, archived from the original on 12 January 2013
  44. ↑ Cahn, Lauren (3 August 2009), "Five Words That Do Not Belong In Yoga", Huffington Post, archived from the original on 28 August 2012
  45. 1 2 3 Broad, William (2012). The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards. New York, USA: Simon & Schuster, Inc. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781451641424.
  46. ↑ Mikkonen, Jani; Pederson, Palle; McCarthy, Peter William (2008). "A Survey of Musculoskeletal Injury among Ashtanga Yoga Practitioners". International Journal of Yoga Therapy (18): 59–64.
  47. ↑ http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2014/02/dangers-of-hot-yoga/index.htm
  48. ↑ <http://www.womenshealthmag.com/fitness/bikram-yoga
  49. ↑ "B.C. woman suing hot yoga studio for hip injury". CBC News. 20 April 2012.
  50. ↑ "Thinking of trying hot yoga? Read this first". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 24 August 2012.
  51. ↑ Stephens, Anastasia (25 January 2005). "The Bikram backlash". The Independent. London.
  52. ↑ http://newsarchive.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news-198217.html
  53. ↑ http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/hot-yoga-injuries
  54. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
  55. ↑ http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2013/05/hot_yoga_is_gaining_popularity.html
  56. ↑ http://www.elephantjournal.com/2014/12/no-hot-yoga-for-me-thanks/
  57. ↑ Broad, William J. (5 January 2012). "How Yoga Can Wreck Your Body". The New York Times.
  58. ↑ http://www.womenshealthmag.com/fitness/bikram-yoga
  59. ↑ "Yogi Glenn Black Responds To New York Times Article On Yoga". Huffington Post. 12 January 2012.
  60. ↑ Broad, William J. (10 January 2013). "The Healing Power of Yoga Controversy". The New York Times.

Jois, Sharath. "Astanga Yoga Anusthana" 2014

Sources

Further reading

External links

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