Argonauts

For other uses, see Argonaut (disambiguation).
Gathering of the Argonauts, Attic red-figure krater, 460–450 BC, Louvre (G 341).
The Argo, by Konstantinos Volanakis (1837–1907).

The Argonauts (Ancient Greek: Ἀργοναῦται Argonautai) were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War, around 1300 BC,[1] accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, Argo, named after its builder, Argus. "Argonauts" literally means "Argo sailors". They were sometimes called Minyans, after a prehistoric tribe in the area.

Story

Pelias, king of Iolcos, stops on the steps of a temple as he recognises young Jason by his missing sandal; Roman fresco from Pompeii, 1st century AD.

After the death of King Cretheus, the Aeolian Pelias usurped the Iolcan throne from his half-brother Aeson and became king of Iolcus in Thessaly (near the modern city of Volos). Because of this unlawful act, an oracle warned him that a descendant of Aeolus would seek revenge. Pelias put to death every prominent descendant of Aeolus he could, but spared Aeson because of the pleas of their mother Tyro. Instead, Pelias kept Aeson prisoner and forced him to renounce his inheritance. Aeson married Alcimede, who bore him a son named Jason. Pelias intended to kill the baby at once, but Alcimede summoned her kinswomen to weep over him as if he were stillborn. She faked a burial and smuggled the baby to Mount Pelion. He was raised by the centaur Chiron, the trainer of heroes.

When Jason was 20 years old, an oracle ordered him to dress as a Magnesian and head to the Iolcan court. While traveling Jason lost his sandal crossing the muddy Anavros river while helping an old woman (Hera in disguise). The goddess was angry with King Pelias for killing his stepmother Sidero after she had sought refuge in Hera's temple.

Another oracle warned Pelias to be on his guard against a man with one shoe. Pelias was presiding over a sacrifice to Poseidon with several neighboring kings in attendance. Among the crowd stood a tall youth in leopard skin with only one sandal. Pelias recognized that Jason was his nephew. He could not kill him because prominent kings of the Aeolian family were present. Instead, he asked Jason: "What would you do if an oracle announced that one of your fellow-citizens were destined to kill you?" Jason replied that he would send him to go and fetch the Golden Fleece, not knowing that Hera had put those words in his mouth.

Jason learned later that Pelias was being haunted by the ghost of Phrixus. Phrixus had fled from Orchomenus riding on a divine ram to avoid being sacrificed and took refuge in Colchis where he was later denied proper burial. According to an oracle, Iolcus would never prosper unless his ghost was taken back in a ship, together with the golden ram's fleece. This fleece now hung from a tree in the grove of the Colchian Ares, guarded night and day by a dragon that never slept. Pelias swore before Zeus that he would give up the throne at Jason's return while expecting that Jason's attempt to steal the Golden Fleece would be a fatal enterprise. However, Hera acted in Jason's favour during the perilous journey.

The crew of the Argo

There is no definite list of the Argonauts. H.J. Rose explains this was because "an Argonautic ancestor was an addition to even the proudest of pedigrees."[2] The following list is collated from several lists given in ancient sources.[3][4][5]

  1. Acastus
  2. Actor (son of Hippas)
  3. Admetus
  4. Aethalides
  5. Amphiaraus
  6. Amphidamas
  7. Amphion (son of Hyperasius)
  8. Ancaeus (son of Poseidon)
  9. Ancaeus (son of Lycurgus)
  10. Areius
  11. Argus (builder of Argo)
  12. Argus (son of Phrixus)
  13. Ascalaphus
  14. Asclepius
  15. Asterion (son of Cometes)
  16. Asterius (brother of Amphion)
  17. Atalanta
  18. Augeas
  19. Autolycus, son of Deimachus
  20. Bellerophon
  21. Butes
  22. Calaïs (son of Boreas)
  23. Caeneus (son of Coronus)
  24. Canthus
  25. Castor (son of Tyndareus; twin and half-brother of Pollux)
  26. Cepheus, King of Tegea
  27. Clytius (son of Eurytus)
  28. Coronus (son of Caeneus)
  29. Cytissorus
  30. Deucalion of Crete
  31. Echion
  32. Eribotes
  33. Erginus (son of Poseidon)
  34. Erytus (brother of Echion)
  35. Euphemus
  36. Euryalus
  37. Eurydamas
  38. Eurymedon (son of Dionysus)
  39. Eurytion
  40. Eurytus (son of Hermes)
  41. Heracles (son of Zeus)
  42. Hippalcimus
  43. Hylas
  44. Idas
  45. Idmon
  46. Iolaus (nephew of Heracles)
  47. Iphitos
  48. Jason
  49. Laërtes (Father of Odysseus)
  50. Laokoön (half-brother of Oeneus and tutor of Meleager)
  51. Leitus
  52. Leodocus
  53. Lynceus
  54. Medea (joined when the Fleece was recovered)
  55. Melas
  56. Meleager
  57. Menoetius
  58. Mopsus
  59. Nauplius
  60. Neleus (son of Poseidon)
  61. Nestor
  62. Oileus
  63. Orpheus
  64. Palaemon
  65. Palaimonius (son of Hephaestus)
  66. Peleus
  67. Peneleos
  68. Periclymenus (grandson of Poseidon)
  69. Phalerus
  70. Phanus (brother of Staphylus and Eurymedon)
  71. Philoctetes
  72. Phlias (son of Dionysus)
  73. Phocus
  74. Phrontis
  75. Poeas
  76. Pollux (son of Zeus)
  77. Polyphemus
  78. Prias (brother of Phocus)
  79. Staphylus
  80. Talaus
  81. Telamon
  82. Thersanon (son of Helios and Leucothoe)
  83. Theseus (son of Poseidon and slayer of the Minotaur)
  84. Tiphys
  85. Zetes (son of Boreas)

Several more names are discoverable from other sources. Amyrus, eponym of a Thessalian city, is given by Stephanus of Byzantium as "one of the Argonauts";[6] he is otherwise said to have been a son of Poseidon and to have given his name to the river Amyrus.[7] Azorus was the helmsman of Argo according to Hesychius of Alexandria;[8] he could be the same as the Azorus mentioned by Stephanus as founder of the city Azorus in Pelagonia.[9]

Notes to the list

Adaptations of the myth

Literature

Film and television

Jason and the Argonauts (1963), directed by Don Chaffey and featuring special effects by Ray Harryhausen, shows Jason hosting Olympics-like games and selecting his crew from among the winners.

In the animated television serie Captain Fathom (1965) produced by Cambria Productions, the main characters sail in a submarine called the "Argonaut".

A Soviet cartoon called The Argonauts was made in 1971.

The German movie Das Goldene Ding (The golden thing, 1972), directed by Edgar Reitz together with three co-directors, depicts Argonauts as young boys, as they seem to have been according to original Greek sources. It pays a special attention to how machines that were made possible by the relatively simple technology of the time allow for building the ship and other devices.

The Doctor Who serial Underworld (1977) is loosely based on the story of Jason and the Argonauts.

A movie titled Веселая хроника опасного путешествия (Amusing Chronicle of a Dangerous Voyage) was made in the Soviet Union in 1986 starring famous Russian actor Alexander Abdulov. (imdb)

A Hallmark presentation TV movie, Jason and the Argonauts (2000), shows Jason having to settle for men with no sailing experience. This includes a thief who says "Who better than a thief to grab the Golden Fleece?"

Music

British Rock group XTC recorded a song titled Jason and the Argonauts for their album English Settlement (1982).

Radio

In 2001, a radio drama adaptation of Apollonius' Argonautica was presented on the Radio Tales series for National Public Radio.

Video games

Jason and the Argo, along with a small number of the more legendary Argonauts and Greeks, were featured in the 2008 video game Rise of the Argonauts

Jason, along with another Argonaut, appear in the videogame God of War II.

See also

References

  1. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/jason_01.shtml
  2. Rose, A Handbook of Greek Mythology (New York: Dutton, 1959), p. 198
  3. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 23 - 228
  4. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 9. 16
  5. Hyginus, Fabulae, 14
  6. Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Amyros
  7. Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 596. The Argonauts are reported to have sailed past this river by both Apollonius (1. 596) and Valerius Flaccus (2. 11)
  8. Hesychius s. v. Azōros
  9. Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Azōros
  10. Arg. 1. 770
  11. Arg. 1. 100
  12. Roger Lancelyn Green, in his Tales of the Greek Heroes, gets round this problem by suppressing the name of the witch-wife who Theseus encountered in his early life.
  13. Arg. 2. 1193
  14. Arg. 1. 112; Hyg. Fab. 14
  15. "GCD :: Covers :: Jason and the Argonauts". Comics.org. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  16. "GCD :: Series :: Jason and the Argonauts: Kingdom of Hades". Comics.org. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  17. "Jason and the Argonauts Dan Whitehead | Comic Corner". Campfiregraphicnovels.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.

Further reading

External links

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