Apocatastasis

Apocatastasis (/æpoʊkəˈtæstəsᵻs/; from Greek: ἀποκατάστασις, also anglicized as apokatastasis) is reconstitution, restitution,[1] or restoration to the original or primordial condition.[2]

Etymology and definition

The Liddell and Scott entry (with expansion of definitions and references), gives the following examples of usage:

ἀποκατάστᾰσις, εως, ἡ, restoration, re-establishment;
  • "τοῦ ἐνδεοῦς" Aristotle MM, 1205a4; into its nature εἰς φύσιν id. 1204b 36, 1205b 11;
  • return to a position, Epicurus, Epistolae, 1, p.8 U.;
  • especially of military formations, reversal of a movement, Asclepiodotus, Tacticus, 10.1, 10:6, etc.; generally
  • of all things "πάντων" Acts, 3.21;
  • of souls, Proclus, Institutio Theologica, 199.
  • of the body back into its old form "τῆς φύσιος ἐς τὸ ἀρχαῖον" Aretaeus Medicus CD 1.5; recovery from sickness, SA 1.10;
  • "τῶν ὁμήρων εἰς τὰς πατρίδας" Polybius 3.99.6; εἰς ἀ. ἐλθεῖν, into the restoration of the affairs of a city, 4.23.1;
Astrological uses:

The word is reasonably common in papyri.[3]

Concepts

Stoicism

According to Edward Moore, apokatastasis was first properly conceptualized in early Stoic thought, particularly by Chrysippus whose thinking was influenced by the theory of recurrence and cosmic cycles in Babylonian astronomical thought. The return (apokatastasis) of the planets and stars to their proper celestial signs, namely their original positions, would spark a conflagration of the universe (ekpyrosis). The original position was believed to consist of an alignment of celestial bodies with Cancer. Thereafter, from fire, rebirth would commence, and this cycle of alternate destruction and recreation was correlated with a divine Logos. Antapocatastasis is a counter-recurrence when the stars and planets align with Capricorn, which would mark destruction by a universal flood.[4]

The Stoics identified Zeus with an alternately expanding and contracting fire constituting the universe. Its expansion was described as Zeus turning his thoughts outwards, resulting in the creation of the material cosmos, and its contraction, the apocatastasis, as Zeus returning to self-contemplation.[5][6] Leibniz explored both Stoic and his understanding of Origen's philosophy in two essays written shortly before his death, Apokatastasis and Apokatastasis panton (1715).[7]

Judaism

The concept of "restore" or "return" in the Hebrew Bible is the common Hebrew verb שׁוּב (shuwb/shuv),[8] as used in Malachi 4:6, the only use of the verb form of apocatastasis in the Septuagint. This is used in the "restoring" of the fortunes of Job, and is also used in the sense of rescue or return of captives, and in the restoration of Jerusalem.

This is similar to the concept of tikkun olam in Hasidic Judaism.[9]

New Testament

The word, apokatastasis, appears only once in the New Testament, in Acts 3:21.[10] Peter healed a beggar with a disability and then addressed the astonished onlookers. His sermon set Jesus in the Jewish context, the fulfiller of the Abrahamic Covenant, and says:

[19] Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord; [20] And he shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto you: [21] Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began.
— Acts 3:19-21 KJV

Grammatically, the relative pronoun "ὧν" ("of which", genitive plural), could refer to "χρόνων" ("of times"), in which case the central phrase would mean "till a restitution of all times of which God spake", or to "πάντων" ("of all" or "of all things"), meaning "till times of a restitution of all things of which God spake".[11]

The usual view taken of Peter's use of the "apokatastasis of all the things about which God spoke" is that it refers to the restoration of the Kingdom of Israel and/or the Garden of Eden and not "all things that ever existed".[12]

The verbal form of apokatastasis is found in the Septuagint Malachi 3:23LXX (i.e. Malachi 4:6), a prophecy of Elijah turning back the hearts of the children to their fathers; in Matthew 17:11 ("he will restore all things"), echoing Malachi, and in Hebrews 13:19 ("that I may be restored to you the sooner").

Nineteenth-century German theologian Jakob Eckermann interpreted "the 'apocatastasis of all things' to mean the universal emendation of religion by the doctrine of Christ, and the 'times of refreshing' to be the day of renewal, the times of the Messiah."[13]

Patristic Christianity

The significance of apocatastasis in early Christianity is today being re-evaluated. In particular it is now questioned whether Origen, often listed as the most notable advocate of universal salvation did in fact teach or believe in such a doctrine.[14][15][16]

Frederick W. Norris, in his article "Apokatastasis", The Westminster Handbook to Origen, 2004 , states that the positions that Origen takes on the issue of universal salvation have often seemed to be contradictory. "In scattered places Origen says quite clearly that he thinks all created intelligence will be restored to God at the end of time. In other places he says, equally clearly, that only souls who make the choice for God and practice the virtues God demands will come to rest in heaven. Those who do not live for God shall suffer eternally in hell or perhaps be annihilated there. If in coming years Origen's treatise on the resurrection is rediscovered, this apparent contradiction may be settled." He concludes: "One could not know in advance which audience would be most likely to accept the gospel, because of the hope engendered by God's overpowering love or because of the fear stimulated by God's threat of hell coupled with God's demand for ethical living. Most audiences of hearers or readers include both groups; knowing this, Origen the pastoral preacher probably kept his view of salvation economically 'open' for a greater effectiveness."[17][18][19]

Konstantinovsky (2009)[20] states that the uses of apocatastasis in Christian writings prior to the Synod of Constantinople (543) and the anathemas (553) pronounced against "Origenists" and Evagrius Ponticus were neutral and referred primarily to concepts similar to the general "restoration of all things spoken" (restitutio omnium quae locutus est Deus) of Peter in Acts 3:21 and not for example the universal reconciliation of all souls which had ever been.

The term apocatastasis is mentioned in the 14th of the 15 anathemas of 553: "If anyone shall say ... that in this pretended apocatastasis, spirits only will continue to exist, as it was in the reigned pre-existence: let him be anathema."[21]

A form of apocatastasis was also attributed to Gregory of Nyssa[22] and possibly the Ambrosiaster, attributed to Ambrose of Milan. Gregory of Nazianzus discussed it without reaching a decision.

A local Synod of Constantinople (543) condemned a form of apocatastasis as being Anathema, and the Anathema was formally submitted to the Fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (553). Since apocatastasis had been used earlier in writers commenting on Peter's use in the New Testament, the form of apocatastasis condemned in 543 and 553 was a later development.

Origen of Alexandria's other teachings about the possibility of glorified man falling again also played a role in that condemnation.[23] In fact, most historians today would recognize a distinction between Origen's own teachings (or at least those that have survived) and the theological positions of later "Origenists". Even beliefs long attributed to Origen himself, such as a Platonic version of souls existing before bodies, the possibility of a second fall, are found to be much more nuanced and difficult to pin down in Origen's own writings. The Anathema against apocatastasis, or more accurately, against the belief that hell is not eternal, was not ratified despite support from the Emperor, and it is absent from the Anathemas spoken against Origen at Constantinople II.

The Alexandrian school adapted Platonic terminology and ideas to Christianity while explaining and differentiating the new faith from all the others.[23][24] Proponents cited Biblical passage in 1 Corinthians 15:28, When he has done this, then the Son himself will be made subject to him who put everything under him, so that God may be all in all.  in support.

Gnosticism

The gnostic Gospel of Philip 180–350c contains the term itself but does not teach universal reconciliation:

There is a rebirth and an image of rebirth. It is certainly necessary to be born again through the image. Which one? Resurrection. The image must rise again through the image. The bridal chamber and the image must enter through the image into the truth: this is the restoration (apokatastasis). Not only must those who produce the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, do so, but have produced them for you. If one does not acquire them, the name ("Christian") will also be taken from him.[25]

Meaning of apocatastasis in Christian theology

Early Christianity

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215) generally uses the term apokatastasis to refer to the "restoration" of the "gnostic" Christians, rather than that of the universe or of all Christians, but with universal implications.[26]

As indicated above, the position of Origen (186–284) is disputed, with works as recent as the New Westminster Dictionary of Church History presenting him as speculating that the apocatastasis would involve universal salvation.[27]

In early Christian theological usage apocatastasis meant the ultimate restoration of all things to their original state, which early exponents believed would still entail a purgatorial state,[28] Both Origen and Gregory of Nyssa hoped that all creatures would be saved.[29] The word was still very flexible at that time, but in the mid-6th century it became virtually a technical term referring, as usually today, to a specifically Origenistic doctrine of universal salvation.[30] Maximus the Confessor outlined God's plan for "universal" salvation alongside warnings of everlasting punishment for the wicked.[31]

Luther

The Vulgate translation of apokatastasis, "in tempora restitutionis omnium quae locutus est Deus" (the restitution of all things of which God has spoken) was taken up by Luther to mean the day of the restitution of the creation, but in Luther's theology the day of restitution was also the day of resurrection and judgment, not the restitution of the wicked.[32] In Luther's Bible he rendered the Greek apokatastasis with the German herwiedergebracht werde; "will be brought back."[33] This sense continued to be used in Lutheran sermons.[34]

Luther explicitly disowned belief that the devils would ultimately reach blessedness.[35][36]

19th-century Universalism

During the 19th and early 20th centuries several histories published by Universalists, including Hosea Ballou (1829), Thomas Whittemore (1830), John Wesley Hanson (1899) and George T. Knight (1911), argued that belief in universal reconciliation was found in early Christianity and in the Reformation, and ascribed Universalist beliefs to Origen, Clement of Alexandria, and others.

Recent works

In recent writing, apocatastasis is generally understood as involving some form of universal reconciliation, without necessarily attributing this understanding to Origen and other Fathers of the Church.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Strong's Greek Lexicon, retrieved September 22, 2006.
  2. ↑ Timmerman, Christiane (2007), Faith-based Radicalism: Christianity, Islam and Judaism, p. 59, The usual view taken of Peter's use of the apokatastasis of "all things" is that it refers to the restoration of the Kingdom of Israel and/or the Garden of Eden and not "all things that ever existed."
  3. ↑ Perseus database entries for apokatastasis listing as follows:

    1 Friedrich Preisigke, Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten;
    7 P.Oxy., The Oxyrhynchus Papyri;
    7 Polybius, Histories;
    2 Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews;
    2 Diodorus Siculus, Library;
    3 Stud.Pal., Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde;
    1 Acts 3:21 New Testament;
    1 PSI, Papiri greci e latini;
    1 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers;
     2 P.Cair.Masp., Papyrus grecs d'époque byzantine, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire;
    3 P.Ryl, Rylands Papyri;
    1 P.Col., Columbia Papyri;
    2 P.Flor., Papiri greco-egizii, Papiri Fiorentini;
    3 Aretaeus, The Extant Works of Aretaeus, The Cappadocian;
    1 UPZ, Urkunden der Ptolemäerzeit (ältere Funde);
    1 P.Ross.Georg., Papyri russischer und georgischer Sammlungen;
    1 P.Cair.Isid., The Archive of Aurelius Isidorus in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and the University of Michigan;
    1 P.Abinn., The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II;
    1 Pap.Choix, Choix de papyrus grecs: Essai de traitement automatique;
    1 P.Athen.Xyla, P.Sta.Xyla: The Byzantine Papyri of the Greek Papyrological Society,;
    1 O.Joach., Die Prinz-Joachim-Ostraka

  4. ↑ Moore, Edward (2005), Origen of Alexandria and St. Maximus the Confessor, Universal-Publishers, pp. 25–27.
  5. ↑ "Origen of Alexandria (185–254)", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved September 20, 2006.
  6. ↑ Moore, Edward (January 2003). "Origen of Alexandria and apokatastasis: Some Notes on the Development of a Noble Notion". Quodlibet Journal. 5 (1). ISSN 1526-6575.
  7. ↑ Coudert, Allison (1995), Leibniz and the Kabbalah, p. 110, Having initially accepted the idea of apocatastasis in the pre-Origen and primarily Stoic sense that this world and everything in it was bound to return again and again in endless cycles of repetition, Leibniz came to embrace Origen's wholly…
  8. ↑ "shuwb", Blue letter Bible (lexicon and Bible usage).
  9. ↑ Löwy, Michael (1992), Redemption and utopia: Jewish libertarian thought in Central Europe: a study in elective affinity, Stanford University Press, p. 64.
  10. ↑ Greek: ὃν δεῖ οὐρανὸν μὲν δέξασθαι ἄχρι χρόνων ἀποκαταστάσεως πάντων ὧν ἐλάλησεν ὁ θεὸς διὰ στόματος τῶν ἁγίων ἀπ᾿ αἰῶνος αὐτοῦ προφητῶν.
    Vulgate: quem oportet caelum quidem suscipere usque in tempora restitutionis omnium quae locutus est Deus per os sanctorum suorum a saeculo prophetarum.
  11. ↑ Bock, Darrell L (2007), Acts, The relative pronoun ὧν (hon, of which) could refer back to "the seasons" of which God spoke (Bauernfeind 1980: 69) or to "all things" of which God spoke (so Conzelmann 1987: 29; Barrett 1994: 206, nearest referent).
  12. ↑ Fitzmeyer, The Acts of the Apostles, The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries, pp. 283–93.
  13. ↑ McClintock, John; Strong, James (1879), Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 8, Harper, p. 1051, retrieved 2014-08-21
  14. ↑ Crouzel, Henri (1990), Origen, p. 285.
  15. ↑ Root, JR (2001), "Universalism", in Elwell, WA, EDT (2nd ed.), Grand Rapids: Baker.
  16. ↑ Scott, Mark (2012), Journey Back to God: Origen on the Problem of Evil, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  17. ↑ McGuckin, John Anthony, ed. (2004), "Apokatastasis", The Westminster Handbook to Origen (article), Westminster: John Knox Press, pp. 59–62, ISBN 978-0-664-22472-1.
  18. ↑ Lauro, Elisabeth Dively (2004), "Universalism", in McGuckin, John Anthony, The Westminster Handbook to Origen (article), Westminster: John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0-664-22472-1.
  19. ↑ Demarest, Bruce, "On apokatastasis", The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, TP, p. 67.
  20. ↑ Konstantinovsky (2009), Evagrius Ponticus: the making of a gnostic, p. 171.
  21. ↑ The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, trans H. R. Percival, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, "Fifth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople II, 553
  22. ↑ Ludlow, Morwenna (2000). "Patristic Eschatology". Universal salvation: eschatology in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa and Karl Rahner. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–7. ISBN 978-0-19-827022-5.
  23. 1 2 "Origin of Alexandria", Catholic Encyclopedia, New advent, retrieved September 22, 2006.
  24. ↑ "Clement of Alexandria", Catholic Encyclopedia, New advent, retrieved September 22, 2006.
  25. ↑ Gospel of Philip, Gnosis.
  26. ↑ Itter, Andrew C (2009), Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria, p. 200, Clement uses the term apokatastasis and its cognates generally to refer to the gnostic elect rather than to an eschatological restoration of the universe, or to a restoration of the faithful as a whole. Where he does mention or imply a restoration of the whole it is through the medium of the restoration of the gnostic. …Hence, while some uses of apokatastasis appear to refer simply to the gnostic elect, by extension, they have universal implications.
  27. ↑ Benedetto & Duke 2008, p. 37: "Origen (186–284) theorized the apokatastasis as a recovery of the prehistoric stasis, or rest, enjoyed by spiritual creatures before their fall and embodiment. …Gregory of Nyssa (335–95) shared Origen's hope of all creatures being saved but argued that the final restoration would be a return not to a prehistorical unity but to that ultimate perfection that God originally projected for humanity."
  28. ↑ Benedetto & Duke 2008, p. 37b: ‘Though often equated with universalism (the salvation of all beings), early exponents couched the apokatastasis in God's eschatological victory over evil, which would still entail a purgatorial state.’
  29. ↑ Benedetto & Duke 2008, p. 37c: "Origen (186–284) theorized the apokatastasis as a recovery of the prehistoric stasis, or rest, enjoyed by spiritual creatures before their fall and embodiment. …Gregory of Nyssa (335–95) shared Origen's hope of all creatures being saved but argued that the final restoration would be a return not to a prehistorical unity but to that ultimate perfection that God originally projected for humanity."
  30. 1 2 3 Ludlow, Morwenna (2001), Universal Salvation: Eschatology in the Thought of Gregory of Nyssa and Karl Rahner, Oxford University Press, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-19-827022-5.
  31. ↑ Benedetto & Duke 2008, p. 37d: "To the extent that Gregory of Nyssa heavily modified the notion of apokatastasis, while Maximus the Confessor (580–662) later outlined the divine plan for universal salvation alongside warnings of everlasting punishment for the wicked".
  32. ↑ Luther, Martin (1861), Exegetica opera latina (in Latin), Elsperger, p. 432, Si autem Pater est futurus perpetuo, ergo semper manet pater, semper generat filios usque ad diem illum restitutionis omnium…
  33. ↑ Luther, Martin (1545), Die gantze Heilige Schrifft: Deudsch, Lutherbibel, welcher mus den Himel einnemen bis auff die zeit da er wider bracht werde alles was Gott geredt hat durch den mund aller seiner heiligen Propheten von der Welt an modernized as: "welcher muss den Himmel einnehmen bis auf die Zeit, da herwiedergebracht werde alles, was Gott geredet hat durch den Mund aller seiner heiligen Propheten von der Welt an".
  34. ↑ Beste, Wilhelm (1886), Die bedeutendsten Kanzelredner, Der Herr Matthesius hat drei Stunden vor seinem seligen Abschiede eine ganze Predigt von diesem Wort gethan. Gottlob, der jüngste Tag ist dies restitutionis omnium. Da wird uns der Herr Jesus Alles wieder an die Seite setzen,…
  35. ↑ Luther, Dr. Martin, "Vom Abendmahl Christi Bekenntnis", Sämmtliche Werke, 30, p. 372, Denn ichs (=ich es) nicht halte mit denen, so da lehren, daß die Teufel auch werden endlich zur Seligkeit kommen
  36. ↑ Ellingsen, Mark (2000), Reclaiming Our Roots, Continuum International, p. 58, ISBN 978-1-56338-292-5, [Luther in a letter to Rechenberg] held out the hope of universal salvation.
  37. ↑ "Apocatastasis", Catholic Encyclopedia, I, pp. 599–600.
  38. ↑ Canney, Maurice Arthur (1921). An Encyclopaedia of Religions. Routledge. p. 28..
  39. ↑ Patrides, Constantinos A (October–December 1967). "The salvation of Satan". Journal of the History of Ideas. 28 (4): 467–78. JSTOR 2708524. reprinted in Patrides, Constantinos A (1982) [1967]. "'A principle of infinite love': The salvation of Satan". Premises and motifs in Renaissance literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. JSTOR 2708524.
  40. ↑ Berkouwer, GC (1972), "13", The Return of Christ, Eerdmans, pp. 387–423, ISBN 978-0-8028-4812-3.
  41. ↑ Meyendorff, John (1987), Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, Fordham University Press, p. 222, ISBN 978-0-8232-0967-5.
  42. 1 2 Klenicki, Leon; Wigoder, Geoffrey (1995), A Dictionary of the Jewish-Christian Dialogue, Stimulus Foundation, p. 228, ISBN 0-8091-3582-5
  43. ↑ Stravinskas, Peter MJ (1998), Catholic Encyclopedia, Our Sunday Visitor, p. 86, ISBN 0-87973-669-0.
  44. ↑ Stravinskas, Peter MJ (1993), Catholic Dictionary, Our Sunday Visitor, p. 76, ISBN 0-87973-390-X.
  45. ↑ Walker, James K (2007), The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality, Harvest House Publishers, p. 330, ISBN 978-0-7369-2011-7.
  46. ↑ Chopra, Ramesh (2005), Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Religion, Q–Z, Isha, p. 816, ISBN 81-8205-287-4
  47. 1 2 González, Justo L (2005), Essential Theological Terms, Presbyterian, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-664-22810-1.
  48. ↑ O'Collins, Gerald; Farrugia, Edward G (2000), A Concise Dictionary of Theology, Paulist Press, pp. 14–15, ISBN 0-567-08354-3.
  49. ↑ Berger, Peter L (2003), Questions of Faith, Wiley, John & Sons, p. 154, ISBN 978-1-4051-0848-5.
  50. ↑ "Apocatastasis", Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3, Apocatastasis. The Greek name (ἀποκατάστασις) for the doctrine that ultimately all free moral creatures – angels, men, and devils – will share in the grace of salvation; cf. article "Universalism".
  51. ↑ Akin, Daniel L (2007), A Theology for the Church, B&H, p. 878, ISBN 978-0-8054-2640-3.

Bibliography

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