Ambystoma talpoideum
| Mole salamander | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Caudata |
| Family: | Ambystomatidae |
| Genus: | Ambystoma |
| Species: | A. talpoideum |
| Binomial name | |
| Ambystoma talpoideum Holbrook, 1838 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Salamandra talpoidea | |
The mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) is a species of salamander found in much of the eastern and central United States, from Florida to Texas, north to Illinois, east to Kentucky, with isolated populations in Virginia and Indiana. Older sources often refer to this species as the tadpole salamander because some individuals remain in a neotenic state. This salamander lives among the leaf litter on the forest floor, migrating to ponds to breed.
Description
Mole salamanders are stocky, with short bodies and large heads. They can grow to 10 cm (4 in) in length. They are normally gray or dark brown in color, with darker mottling and lighter gray undersides.
Distribution and habitat
Mole salamanders are found in south eastern lowland areas of the Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States. Their main range extends from eastern Texas to southern South Carolina and inland as far as southern Illinois. It is absent from southern Florida and Louisiana, and there are separate populations in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, northern South Carolina, northern Georgia and northern Alabama. There is also a small isolated population within the southernmost tip of Indiana.[2] They inhabit floodplain pine or broadleaf forests, especially near gum and cypress ponds. Adults live under the surface of leaf litter while larvae are aquatic and found in ponds and ephemeral, fish-free waters.[3]
Behavior
Primarily nocturnal, the mole salamander is found in habitats of moist forest debris, usually near a permanent source of water. The adult range is up to about 5 square metres (54 sq ft) and the animals migrate to near bodies of water on rainy nights in winter when the breeding season approaches. The eggs are laid in the spring, during heavy rains. Some larvae undergo metamorphosis while others are neotenic and retain their gills. In larger bodies of water where predatory fish like the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) are present, metamorphosis is more common. When attacked, adults and juveniles lower their heads to expose their parotoid glands which exude a noxious secretion.[3] This salamander is an opportunistic feeder, eating almost anything smaller than itself which it can overpower, including various arthropods and tadpoles.[3]
Conservation
In its Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN lists Ambystoma talpoideum as being "Least Concern" because the population trend is stable. Threats to this species include destruction of forest ponds and swamp habitat, the filling in or deepening of breeding ponds, and the introduction of predatory fish.[1] In Indiana, the mole salamander is listed as an endangered species.[4]
References
- 1 2 Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Ambystoma talpoideum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
- ↑ Williams, Rod N; MacGowan, Brian J (2004). "Natural History Data on the Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) in Indiana". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 113 (2): 147–150. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- 1 2 3 Michael Lannoo. "Ambystoma talpoideum". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
- ↑ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians", Indiana Administrative Code, retrieved 28 Apr 2012
Data related to Ambystoma talpoideum at Wikispecies
- Amphibian Species of the World: Ambystoma talpoideum
- University of Georgia: Mole salamander
- Illinois Natural History Survey: Ambystoma talpoideum