Alma Moodie

Alma Templeton Moodie (12 September 1898[1] – 7 March 1943) was an Australian violinist who established an excellent reputation in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s.[2][3] She was regarded as the foremost female violinist during the inter-war years,[4] and she premiered violin concertos by Kurt Atterberg, Hans Pfitzner and Ernst Krenek. She and Max Rostal were regarded as the greatest proponents of the Carl Flesch tradition.[5] She became a teacher at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt. However, Alma Moodie made no recordings,[6][7] and she appears in very few reference sources. Despite her former renown, her name became virtually unknown for many years. She appeared in earlier editions of Grove's and Baker's Dictionaries, but does not appear in the more recent editions.[2]

Biography

The facts of Alma Moodie's life are often unclear from what little references to her appear in modern sources. Both the 5th edition of Grove's Dictionary (her article was written by Frank Bridge[6]), and the 5th edition of Baker's Dictionary (ed. Nicolas Slonimsky)[8] say she was born in Brisbane, Queensland on 12 September 1900. However, other sources say she was born in Mount Morgan[6] or in Rockhampton[1][9] on 12 September 1898. She grew up in Mount Morgan, only 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Rockhampton (Brisbane is almost 700 kilometres (430 mi) distant), so a birth in either Rockhampton or Mount Morgan seems more likely.

She was an only child. Her father, an ironmonger from Ayrshire, Scotland, died when she was one year old. Her mother, a music teacher, was the daughter of Irish immigrants.

She studied violin at Mount Morgan, being taught initially by her widowed mother from a very young age, and from the age of 5 by Louis D’Hage in Rockhampton.[10] She appeared in public recitals at age 6. In 1907, aged 9, she gained a scholarship to the Brussels Conservatory,[11] where she studied with Oskar Back for three years, under the general guidance of César Thomson (later, when she had achieved fame, Back and Thomson would both claim to have been her primary teacher).[6] She was accompanied by her mother, who remained with her until her death when Alma was aged 20. In 1913 she was recommended to Max Reger, who, after hearing her play, wrote to his patron Duke George of Sachsen-Meiningen:

In Meiningen, Eisenach and Hildburghausen Alma Moodie played concertos with Reger conducting,[6] and she appeared in recital with him.[12] Reger also recommended her to other concert organisers.[13] In 1914, he dedicated to her his Präludium und Fuge for solo violin, Op. 131a, No. 4.[6] The Regers had no children, and Max and Alma became like father and daughter for some time. Her mother had planned to return to Australia, leaving Alma in the care of Max and Elsa Reger, but the start of World War I meant she could not leave Europe.[6] The Moodies stayed in Meiningen for the first few months of the war, and then moved to Brussels. Reger died in 1916, without ever seeing Alma again.[6] Times were very hard in Brussels for Alma and her mother. Alma became thin and ill, and claimed she did not touch her violin for four years. Her mother died of consumption or influenza in the spring of 1918.[6]

Alma returned to Germany in October 1918, where she lived in a 12th-century castle in the Harz mountains as ward of Fürst Christian Ernst zu Stolberg und Wernigerode. It is not known how she came to be associated with him. However, it was while here that she met her future husband. She wanted to resume her violin playing, which had badly deteriorated during the war, and made contact with Carl Flesch in November 1919, who agreed to accept her as a pupil. She continued having lessons with Flesch throughout her travelling career and after the birth of her son. Flesch had a special fondness for Alma Moodie (he wrote 'amongst all the pupils in my course I liked Alma Moodie best').[6]

She made Germany her home, and never returned to Australia.[6][11] In Berlin on 6 November 1919, with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Max von Schillings, she premiered the Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 7 of Kurt Atterberg.[6] In the 1922-23 season, she played ninety concerts, seventy of them in seven months, in a tour that took her to Switzerland, Italy, Paris, Berlin, and 'the Orient'.[6]

From 1922 (or earlier), the Swiss businessman Werner Reinhart became a driving force in her career and she became a regular visitor to his homes in Winterthur and other places, where she came into contact with most of the prominent names in the contemporary music scene of the day. It was Reinhart who gave her a Guarnerius violin that had previously been owned by Fritz Kreisler.[6][14][15][16] Through Reinhart, in 1923 she met the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who was greatly impressed with her playing. He wrote in a letter: What a sound, what richness, what determination. That and the "Sonnets to Orpheus", those were two strings of the same voice. And she plays mostly Bach! Muzot has received its musical christening....[17][18][19] And it was through Reinhart that she attended and performed at many of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM)'s festivals.[6]

She championed the music of Hans Pfitzner[20] and he dedicated his Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 34 (1923) to her. She premiered it in Nuremberg, on 4 June 1924, with the composer conducting.[21][22] Moodie became its leading exponent, and performed it over 50 times in Germany with conductors such as Pfitzner, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Hans Knappertsbusch, Hermann Scherchen, Karl Muck, Carl Schuricht, and Fritz Busch. At that time, the Pfitzner concerto was considered the most important addition to the violin concerto repertoire since the first concerto of Max Bruch, although it has slipped from the repertoire of most violinists these days.

Between 1921 and her death in 1943, Alma Moodie often appeared with the Latvian pianist and composer Eduard Erdmann, for example in Pfitzner's Violin Sonata, which was dedicated to Moodie.[23] Erdmann's own Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 12 (1921) was dedicated to her, and she premiered it in Berlin in October 1921.[24] The Australian-English critic Walter J. Turner wrote of a recital he heard them play in London in April 1934, 'it was the best violin piano duo that I have ever heard'. Their last concert together was given on 4 March 1943, three days before her death, when they were in the middle of the cycle of Beethoven sonatas.[6]

Ernst Krenek married Anna Mahler (the daughter of Gustav Mahler) in March 1924, when Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. Alma Moodie assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from Werner Reinhart at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on 5 January 1925, in Dessau. In the meantime, Krenek's marriage to Anna Mahler had collapsed, and their divorce became final a few days after the premiere.[25] Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie[26] which has been described as "short-lived and complicated".[6] He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf".[6] Krenek also dedicated his Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 33 to Alma Moodie in 1924.

Igor Stravinsky arranged a suite of excerpts from Pulcinella for violin and piano, calling it "Suite from themes, fragments and pieces by Pergolesi". Alma Moodie premiered it with the composer in Frankfurt on 25 November 1925, and they played it on a number of other public occasions.[6] They also played it at Werner Reinhart's home in Winterthur. Stravinsky described her as "excellent".[27] He may also have intended a pair of arrangements from The Firebird with Moodie in mind.[28]

Arthur Nikisch wrote of her to Carl Flesch from Leipzig in December 1925: For me, this girl is a phenomenon artistically so delightful that I regard it as my natural duty to promote the interests of this blessed creature as much as I am able. Leopold Auer also heard her and held her in very high regard.[6]

Alma Moodie was considered one of the most important interpreters of Brahms's works for violin.[11] Hermann Reutter quotes her as saying "One must be at least forty to understand the greatness and depth of expression in Brahms' music."[29] Reutter participated in many concerts with Alma Moodie, and dedicated his Rhapsodie for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1939), to her.[30]

On 18 December 1927, she married Alexander Balthasar Alfred Spengler,[31] a German lawyer, becoming the third of his six wives, and they had two children. They initially lived in Cologne. He was indifferent to her career, and she was tired from incessant travelling, so she performed less often after that.[6] She taught violin at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, where she continued Carl Flesch's teaching tradition.[6] Her students included Maria Thomán (daughter of István Thomán), Leah Luboschutz, May Harrison, Irma Seyde and Thelma Given.[32]

Spengler was often travelling abroad, doing work for the Nazi regime in occupied countries; when he was home, he was demanding and unfaithful. Alma took to drinking and smoking, and found that she needed sleeping pills; later, her bow arm started to tremble uncontrollably, leading to more drinking and more sleeping pills.

Alma Moodie died on 7 March 1943, aged only 44, during an air raid on Frankfurt,[1][6][33] although the bombs were not the cause of her death. A doctor reported that she died accidentally of a thrombosis brought on by the mixture of alcohol and pills she had taken, but a number of her close friends believed she suicided.[6][15] Her obituary by the critic Karl Holl concluded: Her violin playing has been silenced. But it leaves behind a ring of rare purity. Her name will always remain as that of a feminine personality in the history of music.[6]

Concerto performances

In addition to the performances mentioned above, Alma Moodie's appearances included:

Posthumous recognition

In 1943, Karl Höller wrote his Violin Sonata No. 2 in G minor, Op. 33 in memory of Alma Moodie.[39]

The Australian composer David Osborne wrote a violin concerto titled Pictures of Alma, which was premiered on 30 May 2010 by Rochelle Bryson and the Raga Dolls Salon Orchestra, at the Iwaki Auditorium, ABC Southbank Centre, Melbourne.[40] Osborne explained in a pre-performance interview broadcast on ABC Classic FM that the work sought to depict Alma Moodie in music at various stages of her life. He named it Pictures of Alma as he understood there were no surviving visual pictures of her, but he has since learned there are.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Index des Trios
  2. 1 2 Carl F. Flesch Home Page
  3. ↑ Joseph Szigeti in "Szigeti on the Violin" refers to her as "The fine Australian violinist, Alma Moodie, little known outside Germany ..."
  4. ↑ Carl Flesch
  5. ↑ Alois Kottmann
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Kay Dreyfus, Alma Moodie and the Landscape of Giftedness
  7. ↑ Music web international
  8. ↑ Bakers Dictionary, ed. Nicolas Slonimsky
  9. ↑ Bildungsserver Hessen
  10. ↑ Australian Dictionary of Biography: Ludwig D'Hage
  11. 1 2 3 Chapter9: Leisure and entertainment: aspects of popular culture at Mount Morgan
  12. ↑ Kunstler
  13. ↑ Invaluable
  14. ↑ Guarnieri.net
  15. 1 2 cozio.com
  16. ↑ cozio.com
  17. ↑ Photo and description
  18. ↑ R. M. Rilke – Music as metaphor
  19. ↑ Rainer Maria Rilke: a brief biographical overview
  20. ↑ Michael H. Kater, Composers of the Nazi era
  21. ↑ ASO – Complicated Friendship; Hans Pfitzner and Bruno Walter
  22. ↑ American Symphony Orchestra
  23. ↑ Peter Laki, Bartok and His World
  24. ↑ Eduard Erdmann
  25. ↑ Answers.com
  26. ↑ BBC Music magazine
  27. ↑ Igor Stravinsky; An Autobiography
  28. ↑ Miller Theatre Program Notes
  29. ↑ The Composer’s Point of View
  30. ↑ Schott music online
  31. ↑ Grove V calls him "Stengler"
  32. ↑ Bigger books.com
  33. ↑ Grove's and Baker's Dictionaries
  34. 1 2 3 4 Furtwängler concerts
  35. ↑ Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed.
  36. ↑ Arts and Humanities Research Council
  37. ↑ Wilhelm Furtwangler: Concert Listing 1906-54
  38. ↑ http://www.tobias-broeker.de/rare-manuscripts/violin-concertos/georg-g%C3%B6hler
  39. ↑ Jean laurent
  40. ↑ ABC Classic FM Music Details

External links

Was Alma Moodie Australia's greatest violinist? ABC Radio National interview with Michael Cathcart and Kay Dreyfus, author of Bluebeard's Bride: Alma Moodie, Violinist. Lyrebird Press (2013).

Further reading

Dreyfus, Kay (2013). Bluebeard's Bride: Alma Moodie, violinist. Parkwood, Victoria: Lyrebird Press. ISBN 9780734037763.

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