Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)

Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)
Part of the Battle of Aleppo (2012–present) and the Syrian Civil War

  Syrian Armed Forces
  Syrian Democratic Forces
  Rebel forces
  Front line before the offensive
Date22 September 2016[1] – 16 October 2016
(3 weeks and 3 days)
LocationAleppo, Syria
Result Major Syrian Army and allies advances; Rebel counter-offensive
Territorial
changes		 Army captures 15–20% of the rebel-held part of Aleppo[2]
Belligerents

Syrian Arab Republic
 Russia[3]
 Iran[3]
Liwa al-Quds[4]
Hezbollah[3]
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba[3]
Ba'ath Brigades[5]

Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq[6]

Fatah Halab
Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (Al-Nusra Front)

Ahrar al-Sham
Commanders and leaders
Maj. Gen. Zaid Saleh[7]
(Head of Aleppo security committee)
Maj. Gen. Adib Salameh[8]
(Head of Aleppo Air Force Intelligence Directorate branch, replaced)
Gen. Iyad Mindo[8]
(Head of Aleppo Air Force Intelligence Directorate branch, replacement)
Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani[9]
(Quds Force chief commander)
Col. Mohammad-Reza Zarealvani †[10]
(Saberin Unit commander)
Hatem Hamadeh †[11]
(Radwan Forces deputy commander)
Mahmoud Ahmed Muzannar †[12]
(Hezbollah senior commander, alleged)
Akram al-Kaabi[13]
(leader of Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba)
Mohammad-Bagher Soleimani †[6]
(Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq commander)		 Omar al-Sheikh †[14]
(Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki commander)
Zakaria Malhifji[15]
(Fastaqim Kama Umirt official)
1st Lt. Adham Al-Awad †[16]
(Levant Front top commander)
Mohammad Idlibi †[16]
(Levant Front top commander)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces

Russian Armed Forces

IRGC[3]

Hezbollah units

Fatah Halab

Strength

10,000+ pro-government fighters[27]

Russia 120+ Naval Infantry advisors[21][30]

2,500–8,000 fighters[31][32]

Casualties and losses
98–141+ killed[35] 56–96+ killed[36]
573 civilians killed (per the SOHR; since 19 Sep.)[37]
497 civilians killed (per the UN)[38]
Civil uprising
in Syria (March–August 2011)
Start of insurgency (September 2011 – April 2012)
Cease-fire and civil war (May 2012 – December 2013)
Rise of the Islamists (January–September 2014)
United States-led intervention (September 2014 – September 2015)
Russian intervention (September 2015 – March 2016)
Aleppo escalation and Turkish intervention (March 2016–present)

The Aleppo offensive of September–October 2016 was the military operation launched in Aleppo in late September 2016 by the Syrian Army aiming to capture all of the remaining rebel-held parts of the city of Aleppo. Rebel forces controlling East Aleppo at that time were primarily fighters of Fatah Halab[39][40] (which includes FSA units),[41] although a significant number of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham fighters were also present.[42]

Offensive

Air-strikes and initial fighting

Map of the offensive

Early on 22 September 2016, the Syrian and Russian Air Forces started preparatory air-strikes for the upcoming offensive. Over 40 air-strikes were conducted against five districts throughout the day.[43][44] Mobilization of ground units had also started[43] and by the evening of that day, the ground assault against the rebel-held eastern part of Aleppo city was about to begin.[39] At this time, the military officially announced the start of the offensive.[1][45]

The strikes continued for a second day into 23 September,[44] and the explosions were described as "the fiercest the city had faced".[1] Buildings were demolished, a main water station was damaged[46] and neighborhoods were engulfed in flames.[47] Since the start of the bombing campaign, 50 Russian air-strikes had been conducted on the city and 30 in the surrounding areas,[48] in addition to dozens carried out by the Syrian Air Force.[49] During the day, the first Army ground advances took place in the southern outskirts of Aleppo,[50] as the military secured the Ramousah-'Amiriyah highway and its intersection after gains around the Al-Badawi mosque.[51][52] The government advances forced civilians from the area to migrate to other parts of eastern Aleppo.[49] Later, pro-government Palestinian militias also captured parts of the Handarat Camp area of northeastern Aleppo,[4][52] namely the Shaher district.[53] The Handarat Camp had been previously a Palestinian refugee camp.[54] By the end of the day, the Syrian Air Force had conducted more than 150 air-strikes against 30 neighbourhoods in Aleppo. Army artillery bombardment was also conducted.[55]

Early on 24 September, military preparations were being made for the Syrian Army to assault the southern Sheikh Sa'id district.[56] The attack started that morning, and within hours government troops had taken control of several building blocks.[57][58][59] Concurrently, pro-government militias continued to advance in the Handarat Camp area,[60] seizing the eastern entrance to the Camp and leaving only half of it still rebel-held.[53] Shortly after, the Palestinian militias captured the whole Handarat Camp.[61][62][63] In addition, government troops made advances on a third axis, taking control of two dozen building blocks near the historic Aleppo citadel in the city center.[57] Meanwhile, a new wave of air-strikes were conducted throughout Aleppo, and a military official stated the strikes had been targeting an array of rebel fortifications, including tunnels, bunkers and command centers.[64] Following the capture of the Handarat Camp district, the Army shifted its focus to the nearby Kindi Cancer Hospital, which had been converted into a military base by the rebels.[65] Intense clashes took place at the hospital, as the Army also imposed fire control over the nearby Shuqeif Industrial Area.[66] Later that evening, an initial rebel counter-attack against the Handarat Camp was repelled.[67] However, pro-government militias withdrew from the district, while still maintaining control of the nearby Shaher sector and the Handarat Industrial District, east of the refugee camp.[68][69]

On 25 September, after securing the Shaher district, the Palestinian militias launched a new assault on the Handarat Camp.[70] The camp was heavily hit by air-strikes. The bombing burned many rebel vehicles. Fighting also continued in the southern Sheikh Sa'id district,[71] where the Army was reportedly in control of 25–30 percent of the area.[72]

Army advances in northern and central Aleppo

On 27 September, the Army advanced in the Farafira district of Old Aleppo[73][74] and captured it.[75][76][77] At the same time, the two largest hospitals in the rebel-held part of the city were hit by an air-strike and artillery fire.[77] The next day, the military slightly advanced in the al-Suweiqa area of Old Aleppo, although some saw the assault on Old Aleppo as a diversionary attack so the Army could take control of the Handarat Camp where fighting continued.[78]

On 29 September, pro-government forces broke through the last rebel defense line in the Handarat Camp[79] and once again took complete control of the district.[80] In order to secure Handarat Camp, government troops continued with their assault and attacked the nearby Shaqayf district,[81] as well as the Kindi Hospital.[82] The next morning, after heavy clashes, pro-government forces captured the Kindi Hospital, thus fortifying their positions at the Handarat Camp[83][84] and coming within two kilometers of the Jandoul roundabout.[85] Soon after, the military started an operation against the rebel-held central district of Suleiman Al-Halabi[86] and advanced, seizing much of its western sector.[87] However, after advancing, government troops withdrew and the rebels recaptured their lost positions.[84][88] During the fighting in Suleiman Al-Halabi, which was described as "back and forth", a water station was bombed, with both sides trading blame.[84] The Army was trying to reach the rebel-held station since it was the main water source for the government-held part of Aleppo.[89] Later in the day, the rebels reentered the Kindi hospital, reigniting fighting for the building,[90] while the Army reportedly captured the northwestern part of the Bustan Al-Basha district.[91] The rebels eventually managed to recapture the hospital.[92]

On 1 October, the Army continued to advance in the Bustan Al-Basha district,[93] although subsequently the rebels claimed to had recaptured the positions they lost in Bustan Al-Basha,[94] while elsewhere government forces captured Tal Shuqayf hill and 16 nearby buildings, establishing fire control over the Aleppo Armament Base and the Shuqayf Industrial Area.[95] The next day, the Army seized the Shuqayf Industrial area,[96] the Jandoul beltway[97] and the Kindi Hospital.[98][99] During the Army's gains at Shuqayf, the Kurdish YPG militia also advanced against the rebels at the Jandoul roundabout.[100] Meanwhile, Army advances in Bustan Al-Basha continued,[101] with government forces reaching the outskirts of the al-Heluk district,[102] while a new Army attack on the Suleiman Al-Halabi water station was again repelled.[103] Elsewhere, the largest hospital in the rebel part of the city, known as M10, was once again bombed.[104] At this point, the Army called on the rebels to withdraw from Aleppo, offering them safe passage and aid supplies.[98]

Army push on three fronts

On 3 October, government forces attacked the Owaija district[105] and reportedly seized a quarter of the area before sundown, while the Army established fire control over the Jandoul roundabout.[106] The same day, the M10 hospital was bombed for the third time[107] and completely destroyed.[108] On 4 October, the rebels claimed that an Army assault on the southern Sheikh Sa'id district had been repelled,[109] while a government source stated they had reached a bridge in the northwestern part of the district.[110] Meanwhile, the military advanced in the city center, capturing several high-rise buildings,[111] as well as in the factories area of the northern Owaija district.[112] For the first time in four years, Syrian Army tanks crossed the frontline in Aleppo.[113]

On 5 October, Army advances continued in the northern district of Owaija and the southern district of Al-Amiriyah.[114][115] As of 6 October, government forces were in control of 50–80% of the Bustan Al-Basha district[116][117] 45–50% of Owaija[118] and the northern Bakarah Quarries[119] that overlook the Kindi Hospital.[92] With the new advances in Bustan Al-Basha, the Army was closing in on the Suleiman Al-Halabi water station from two sides[120] and by dusk they had secured the Suleiman Al-Halabi district.[121][122] Later that night, the Army made advances in the Salah al-Din district and the Bureij area,[123] while they had also reportedly taken control of half of the Sheikh Sa'id district.[124]

Early on 7 October, government forces continued to assault Sheikh Sa'id, seizing Tal Sheikh Sa'eed hill.[19][125] Still, the rebels managed to recapture other territory in the district they had lost.[125] The next day, the rebels were able to reclaim large parts of Sheikh Sa'id and several points around the water station in Suleiman Al-Halabi, leaving them in control of 20% of that district.[125][126] Still, despite this, government forces took complete control of the Owaija district and the Jandoul roundabout.[127][128][129] Subsequently, the Army took control of over 50% of the nearby Manashar Al-Breij district.[2] Army advances also continued in Bustan Al-Basha.[128]

On 9 October, back-and-forth fighting raged in Sheikh Sa'id and Bustan Al-Basha.[130][131][132][133] By this point, government forces had seized 15–20% of the rebel-held part of Aleppo, with the rebels struggling to maintain a stable frontline due to a lack of sufficient resources, which had also been impacted by the heavy air campaign against their positions and ammo depots, to counter Army advances.[2]

Army secures northern outskirts; Fourth line of attack started

Early on 10 October, government troops seized Tal Sifan hill, near Owaija,[134] and the following day consolidated their control of the Jandoul roundabout.[15][135] Two days later, the Army seized four hills in the northeast of Aleppo, including one that overlooks the Hanano Youth Housing Complex.[136][137] Advances in the northeast of Aleppo continued into 14 October,[138][139][140] with the Army making its first push towards the Youth Housing Complex.[141] The military also made an effort to open a route between the north of Aleppo and the airport in the south,[142] managing to take control of most of the Al-Aradh Al-Hamra district in the southeast of Aleppo.[138] Meanwhile, the M10 hospital was once again hit with a bunker-buster bomb.[143]

On 15 October, government forces advanced near the Ba'idayn roundabout, in the north of Aleppo, amid heavy fighting,[144] breaching a one kilometer frontline and pushing the rebels back by one kilometer.[145] They also advanced on the Nayrab Bridge-al-Miysar district axis from the direction of the airport, fully securing the Al-Aradh Al-Hamra district,[146] and seized parts of the nearby Karm al-Trab neighborhood.[147] In the evening, government troops penetrated rebel defense lines at the Ba'idayn roundabout, capturing the surrounding factories.[148][149][150]

On 16 October, a new Army assault on Sheikh Sa'id was repelled,[151] while government forces advanced in the Salah al-Din district, capturing over 10 buildings.[152]

Aftermath – Halt to air-strikes; Rebel counter-offensive

On 17 October, Russia announced that it would temporarily halt airstrikes on eastern Aleppo for eight hours on 20 October, in order to allow some civilians and rebels to evacuate.[153] The strikes had been halted two days earlier than intended, on the morning of 18 October, and the suspension continued into the next day[154] when it was announced the truce scheduled to take place on 20 October, would be extended to three days until 22 October.[155] Rebel officials completely rejected the proposal on evacuating,[156] although 100–150 Ahrar al-Sham rebels from eastern Aleppo were evacuated in three buses destined to the Idlib Governorate.[157][158] Additionally, tensions arose between different rebel factions when those that wanted to evacuate were prevented by others,[159] and several assassinations of those who supported withdrawal took place.[160] The al-Nusra Front reportedly carried out public executions of residents who attempted to leave the city.

Fighting reportedly resumed on 22 October,[161] with the Army making advances in Salah al-Din early on 24 October.[162] However, Russia declared the ceasefire would continue.[163]

On 28 October, rebel forces outside Aleppo began a counter-offensive to break the siege.[164][165]

Reactions and analysis

Syria's president Bashar al-Assad said that the conflict had become a war by proxy between the Russian and US superpowers, who were still embroiled in a Cold War. According to him, the offensive was a necessary step towards pushing terrorists out of Syria and into Turkey.[166]

Reuters and The Los Angeles Times described the offensive as a possible turning point in the war.[167][168]

At the United Nations, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN, Samantha Power, accused Russia of "barbarism" because of its air-strikes during the offensive,[169] while the United Kingdom and France accused Russia was involved in war crimes.[170] According to the Los Angeles Times and unnamed "longtime observers" of the Syrian conflict, the Syrian and Russian bombardments in the week of 22–28 September were "marked by unparalleled savagery and suffering".[168]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 "Syrian Army Tightens Grip on East Aleppo". The Inside Source.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Leith Fadel. "Syrian Army surrounds east Aleppo as zero hour approaches". almasdarnews.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  4. 1 2 Charkatli, Izat (23 September 2016). "Syrian Army advances in Handarat Camp, Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah launch massive assault in east Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 Toumaj, Amir (27 September 2016). "Iraqi Shiite militia commander close to Qassem Soleimani killed in Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
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  10. 1 2 3 Amir Toumaj (1 October 2016). "IRGC Special Forces officer's death highlights involvement in Syria". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  11. 1 2 Szakola, Albin (17 October 2016). "High-ranking Hezbollah commander killed in Aleppo". NOW. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  12. ↑ "Senior commander of the Lebanese Hezbollah Killed". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  13. ↑ Szakola, Albin (27 September 2016). "Iraqi militia chief claims Israel bombed group in Syria". NOW. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  14. ↑ "Nour al-Din al-Zenki Commander Killed in Aleppo Clashes". Al Manar News. 16 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 "Rebels, monitor: Russian jets resume heavy bombing of eastern...". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
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  17. ↑ Leith Fadel (22 October 2016). "Syrian Army reinforcements pour into Aleppo ahead of jihadist offensive". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  18. ↑ Fadel, Leith (25 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah attack strategic district in southern Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  19. 1 2 Fadel, Leith (7 October 2016). "Syrian Army captures key hilltop in southern Aleppo". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
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  21. 1 2 Fadel, Leith (29 August 2016). "Russian troops head to Aleppo City". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
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  24. ↑ "Assad Seizes Only Road Into Rebel-Held Aleppo As Siege Tightens". 17 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  25. ↑ Fadel, Leith (18 July 2016). "Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City". Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Syria war: Aleppo tunnel bomb 'kills 38 government troops' – BBC News". Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  27. ↑ CNN, Barbara Starr and Elise Labott. "Regime forces amass around Aleppo as diplomacy falters". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  28. ↑ Leith Fadel (22 October 2016). "Massive convoy of Syrian Army reinforcements arrive in Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  29. ↑ "Iraqi militia fighters pour into Syria to support Assad". The Wall Street Journal. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  30. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 August 2016). "Russian Army convoy arrives in Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  31. ↑ Adra, Zen (30 September 2016). "AMN's exclusive interview with SAA's supreme military commander in Aleppo". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "The Latest: Syrian gov't: rebel shelling of Aleppo kills 8".
  33. ↑ Russia ready to formalize UN’s evacuation plan for al-Qaeda fighters in Aleppo. Al-Masdar News. 2016-10-07.
  34. ↑ UNSC to hold emergency meeting on Syria under Russian request. Al-Masdar News. 2016-10-07.
  35. ↑ 2 killed (22 Sep.), 3 killed (23 Sep.), 2 killed (24 Sep.), 1 killed (25 Sep.), 2 killed (26 Sep.), 2 killed (27 Sep.), 3 killed (28 Sep.), 4 killed (29 Sep.), 2 killed (30 Sep.), 3 killed (1 Oct.), 5 killed (2 Oct.), 4 killed (3 Oct.), 5–10 killed (4 Oct.), 2 killed (5 Oct.), 3 killed (6 Oct.), 10 killed (7 Oct.), 3–26 killed (8 Oct.), 2–17 killed (9 Oct.), 4 killed (10 Oct.), 2 killed (11 Oct.), 3 killed (11 Oct.), 3 killed (12 Oct.), 2 killed (13 Oct.), 2 killed (14 Oct.), 3 killed (15 Oct.), 3 killed (16 Oct.), 2 killed (17 Oct.), 3 killed (18 Oct.), 2 killed (19 Oct.), 1 killed(20 Oct.), 2 killed (21 Oct.), 1 killed (22 Oct.), 4 killed (23 Oct.) 3 killed (24 0ct.), total of 98–141 reported killed
  36. ↑ 2 killed (28 Sep.), 8 killed (30 Sep.), 1 killed (2 Oct.), 4 killed (3 Oct.), 1 killed (4 Oct.), 6 killed (6 Oct.), 7 killed (7 Oct.), 9 killed (9 Oct.), 2 killed (11 Oct.), 1 killed (13 Oct.), 2–42 killed (15 Oct.), 11 killed (16 Oct.), 2 killed (17 Oct.), total of 56–96 reported killed
  37. ↑ After More than 2700 civilian casualties and injuries in Aleppo Province, 30 hours of no-bombing over the eastern neighborhoods
  38. ↑ "Aleppo rebels outgunned but confident as siege bites". 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  39. 1 2 Leith Fadel (22 September 2016). "Syrian Army to begin important east Aleppo offensive". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  40. ↑ Saad, Hwaida (2016-09-27). "Syrian Troops Clash With Rebels as Bombs Fall on Aleppo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  41. ↑ Saad, Hwaida (27 September 2016). "Syrian Troops Clash With Rebels as Bombs Fall on Aleppo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  42. ↑ "UN Syria envoy's offer could hand Aleppo to Assad". Middle East Eye. 11 October 2016. If we agreed on evacuating Jabhat Fateh al-Sham from Aleppo today, the regime will demand the evacuation of Ahrar al-Sham tomorrow and the rest of the groups later on
  43. 1 2 News Desk. "Syrian jets pound east Aleppo ahead of upcoming offensive". almasdarnews.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  44. 1 2 "Aleppo enters second day of bombing in new Syrian army offensive | World news | The Guardian". theguardian.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  45. ↑ "Syria launches Aleppo offensive as diplomats fail to revive truce". france24.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  46. ↑ "Bombing campaign in Syria kills dozens, demolishes buildings". Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  47. ↑ PCL., Post Publishing. "'Doomsday today in Aleppo'". Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  48. ↑ "Russian planes bomb Aleppo as Syrian army begins assault". usatoday.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  49. 1 2 Heavy Russian aerial bombardment continue targeting rebels controlled areas of Aleppo
  50. ↑ 27 casualties in massacres carried out by Russian warplanes and helicopters in Aleppo city
  51. ↑ Izat Charkatli. "Syrian Army advances in Aleppo after launch of offensive". almasdarnews.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  52. 1 2 عدة محاور في مدينة حلب وأطرافها الجنوبية والشمالية تشهد اشتباكات وقصف وقذائف يستهدفان المدينة
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  54. ↑ "The Latest: Government Forces Gain Ground Near Aleppo". 24 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  55. ↑ "Scores killed as Syrian jets pound rebel-held Aleppo". Retrieved 24 September 2016.
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  63. ↑ Fadel, Leith (24 September 2016). "[Official] Liwaa Al-Quds, Syrian Army capture Handarat Camp in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  64. ↑ "Warplanes press attack on rebel-held eastern Aleppo". Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  65. ↑ Fadel, Leith (24 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Palestinian committees attack Kindi Hospital in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  66. ↑ Fadel, Leith (24 September 2016). "[Map] Syrian Army makes significant progress in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  67. ↑ "Syrian Army, Quds Brigade repel jihadist assault on Handarat Camp". Al-Masdar. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  68. ↑ Charkatli, Izat (24 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Quds Brigade withdraw from Handarat Camp". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  69. ↑ "At Least 23 Civilians Killed In Aleppo As Un Holds Emergency Meeting Over Syria". 25 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  70. ↑ Fadel, Leith (25 September 2016). "Liwaa Al-Quds, Syrian Army storm Handarat Camp in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  71. ↑ Fadel, Leith (25 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah attack strategic district in southern Aleppo". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  72. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  73. ↑ "Syrian army troops advance on Aleppo as Nato calls air strikes 'blatant violation of international law'". 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  74. ↑ "After post-cease-fire onslaught, Assad's forces vow to finish job". Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  75. ↑ "Syrian army takes rebel neighbourhood in Aleppo, military says - France 24". 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  76. ↑ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture the Farafira District in east Aleppo". Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  77. 1 2 "Two largest hospitals in rebel-held Aleppo bombed". 28 September 2016.
  78. ↑ "Warplanes knock out Aleppo hospitals as Russian-backed assault intensifies". 29 September 2016 – via Reuters.
  79. ↑ Fadel, Leith (29 September 2016). "Syrian Army, Liwaa Al-Quds capture most of Handarat Camp in northern Aleppo".
  80. ↑ "Pro-Syrian government forces control Aleppo's Handarat camp-rebel".
  81. ↑ Fadel, Leith (29 September 2016). "Latest battlefield map of Aleppo City". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  82. ↑ Fadel, Leith (29 September 2016). "Syrian Army advances to Kindi Hospital in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  83. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures strategic Kindi Hospital in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  84. 1 2 3 "Syrian army, rebels wage fierce battles in Aleppo". 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016 – via Reuters.
  85. ↑ Press, Associated. "Updated: Syrian troops capture hospital north of Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  86. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 September 2016). "Syrian Army begins new military operation in east Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  87. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 September 2016). "Syrian Army advances in east Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  88. ↑ Violent clashes in Suleiman al-Halabi area and about 15 were killed and injured at the eastern and western neighborhoods of Aleppo
  89. ↑ "Syria regime advances in Aleppo, MSF decries 'bloodbath'". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  90. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 September 2016). "Fatah Halab reenters Kindi Hospital amid massive counter-assault in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  91. ↑ Fadel, Leith (30 September 2016). "Syrian Army captures several sites in key northern Aleppo district". Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  92. 1 2 Fadel, Leith (1 October 2016). "Syrian Army captures more territory in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  93. ↑ Charkatli, Izat (1 October 2016). "Syrian Army on the verge of capturing key Aleppo district". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  94. ↑ "Russia warns against US attack on Syrian forces". 1 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  95. ↑ Fadel, Leith (1 October 2016). "Syrian Army makes huge gains in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  96. ↑ The regime forces advance north of Aleppo city and tens of airstrikes target the eastern neighborhoods of the city and casualties in the countryside
  97. ↑ "Regime forces seize over Shaqif factories and Jandoul beltway in north of Aleppo - Qasion News Agency". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  98. 1 2 "Syria presses Aleppo advance, tells rebels to leave". 2 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via Reuters.
  99. ↑ Adra, Zen (2 October 2016). "Field Report: Syrian Army makes fresh gains in northern Aleppo. Map Update". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  100. ↑ The regime forces reach al-Jandoul roundabout area and the violent clashes continue in Aleppo city
  101. ↑ Fadel, Leith (2 October 2016). "Syrian Army continue massive Aleppo offensive". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  102. ↑ "Syrian army advances as 'Aleppo carnage' sparks fury". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  103. ↑ "Opposition repels regime's attack in Aleppo - Qasion News Agency". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  104. ↑ "Syria's war: Aleppo hospital bombed again". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  105. ↑ Fadel, Leith (3 October 2016). "Syrian Army cotninues massive advance in northern Aleppo". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  106. ↑ Fadel, Leith (3 October 2016). "Fierce clashes reported all over northern Aleppo as the Syrian Army attempts to advance". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  107. ↑ News, A. B. C. (3 October 2016). "Major Aleppo Hospital Bombed for Third Time in Days". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  108. ↑ "Air raids destroy largest hospital in rebel-held parts of Aleppo: NGO". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  109. ↑ "Rebels fend off Aleppo assault as nations seek to rebuild peace process". 4 October 2016 – via Reuters.
  110. ↑ Fadel, Leith (4 October 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah advance at key southern Aleppo district".
  111. ↑ "Syria army advances in Aleppo after US drops Russia talks - Breitbart".
  112. ↑ 60 killed or wounded by shells targeted Aleppo neighborhoods.
  113. ↑ "Syrian government forces advance on rebel-held Aleppo".
  114. ↑ شهداء وجرحى في قصف صاروخي على أحياء بمدينة حلب وقوات النظام تتقدم في جنوب وشمال هذه الأحياء
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  116. ↑ "Syria army seizes rebel territory in heart of Aleppo".
  117. ↑ Tomson, Chris (6 October 2016). "Point of no return as Islamist rebels lose more ground in Aleppo city - Map update".
  118. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter".
  119. ↑ Adra, Zen (9 October 2016). "In Video: Syrian War Update. October 6–8. Syrian Army continues to advance in Eastern Aleppo". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  120. ↑ قوات النظام تتمكن من تحقيق أول تقدم هاد لها وسط مدينة حلب منذ أكثر من 3 سنوات
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  122. ↑ قوات النظام تتمكن من التقدم في سليمان الحلبي وسط مدينة حلب
  123. ↑ More than 75 casualties and injuries in Jamelaiah neighborhood at Aleppo city, the regime forces advance within the city again
  124. ↑ Fadel, Leith (7 October 2016). "Syrian Army, Hezbollah advance in southern Aleppo amid the crumbling jihadist defenses". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  125. 1 2 3 "France, Britain at UN call for end to Aleppo 'bloodbath'".
  126. ↑ Fadel, Leith (8 October 2016). "Jihadist rebels strike back in Aleppo City". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  127. ↑ Fadel, Leith (8 October 2016). "Syrian Army seizes key district in east Aleppo". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  128. 1 2 "Battle for Aleppo rages ahead of East-West showdown at UN".
  129. ↑ "Syria regime keeps up Aleppo assault after UN fails on truce". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  130. ↑ "Violent clashes in Sheikh Saeed after regime forces' advancement in the area and aerial bombardment north of Aleppo". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  131. ↑ الفصائل تعاود التقدم في ريف حماة الشمالي الشرقي ومعارك مستمرة بعنف في الشيخ سعيد ومناطق أخرى بمدينة حلب
  132. ↑ Fadel, Leith (9 October 2016). "Syrian Army advances inside eastern Aleppo district". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  133. ↑ "The Inside Source". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  134. ↑ Fadel, Leith (10 October 2016). "Syrian Army captures more territory in east Aleppo". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  135. ↑ Regime forces advance over rebels in Aleppo
  136. ↑ Fadel, Leith (13 October 2016). "Syrian Army seizes more territory in northeast Aleppo as rebel defenses collapse". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  137. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  138. 1 2 Fadel, Leith (14 October 2016). "Syrian Army captures more territory in northeast Aleppo". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  139. ↑ The regime forces advance north of Aleppo city, and shelling target several areas at the eastern neighborhoods of the city leaving casualties
  140. ↑ 8 شهداء حصيلة القصف الجوي اليوم على مدينة حلب ومعارك عنيفة شمال المدينة
  141. ↑ Fadel, Leith (14 October 2016). "Syrian Army continues advance in northeast Aleppo". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  142. ↑ "Pro-govt gains in Aleppo ahead of key Syria talks". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  143. ↑ Shaheen, Kareem (14 October 2016). "Aleppo hospital bombed again as Assad vows to 'clean' city". Retrieved 16 October 2016 – via The Guardian.
  144. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  145. ↑ Charkatli, Izat (15 October 2016). "Battle for Aleppo rages on as Syrian Army advances: Map Update". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  146. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul (15 October 2016). "Syrian Army liberate number of areas in east Aleppo". Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  147. ↑ The regime forces advance and control blocks in the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo
  148. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  149. ↑ "24 Resistance Axis on Twitter". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  150. ↑ Fadel, Leith (16 October 2016). "Syrian Army captures several sites in northeast Aleppo". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  151. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  152. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  153. ↑ "Russia and Syria announce eight-hour Aleppo ceasefire". Financial Times. 17 October 2016.
  154. ↑ CNN, Schams Elwazer, Eyad Kourdi and Laura Smith-Spark. "Syria: Aleppo residents say airstrikes have halted". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  155. ↑ "Syrian Army says Aleppo truce will last three days". 20 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  156. ↑ "Rebels reject withdrawal from Aleppo after Russia halts bombing". Middle East Eye. 18 October 2016.
  157. ↑ "SouthFront: Syrian Army evacuates 150 Islamist rebels from Aleppo city". Al Masdar News. 19 October 2016.
  158. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  159. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  160. ↑ InsideSourceInt (21 October 2016). "A series of assassinations are now taking place across East Aleppo on those who support/encourage withdrawal" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  161. ↑ "Air strikes, fighting mark end of Aleppo ceasefire". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  162. ↑ "The Inside Source on Twitter". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  163. ↑ "Russia says it extends moratorium on Aleppo air strikes". 25 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016 – via Reuters.
  164. ↑ "Syrian rebels 'start Aleppo offensive'". BBC. 28 October 2016.
  165. ↑ "Syria monitor group says rebel shelling kills more than 15 in west Aleppo". Reuters. 28 October 2016.
  166. ↑ "Syria's Assad says taking Aleppo from rebels key to pushing 'terrorists' back to Turkey". 14 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016 – via Reuters.
  167. ↑ "Warplanes knock out Aleppo hospitals as Russian-backed assault intensifies".
  168. 1 2 Why the fight for Aleppo is a turning point in the Syrian war. Los Angeles Times, 28 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  169. ↑ "Syria conflict: US accuses Russia of 'barbarism' in Aleppo". 25 September 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
  170. ↑ Beirut, Julian Borger Kareem Shaheen in (26 September 2016). "Russia accused of war crimes in Syria at UN security council session". Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via The Guardian.
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