400-series highways

The 400-series highways are a network of controlled-access highways throughout the southern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario, forming a special subset of the provincial highway system. They are analogous to the Interstate Highway System in the United States or the Autoroute system of neighbouring Quebec, but under provincial jurisdiction and regulated by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO). Although Ontario had been constructing divided highways for two decades prior, 400-series designations were introduced in 1952. Initially only Highways 400, 401 and 402 were numbered; other designations followed in the subsequent decades.

Modern 400-series highways have high design standards, speed limits of 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph), and various collision avoidance and traffic management systems. The design of 400-series highways has set the precedent for a number of innovations used throughout North America, including the parclo interchange and a modified Jersey barrier design known as Ontario Tall Wall. As a result, they currently experience the lowest accident and fatality rate comparative to traffic volume in North America.

History

When the 400-series designations were first applied to Ontario freeways in 1952,^[2] several divided highways were already opened in Southern Ontario.^[3] Originally inspired by German Autobahns, Thomas McQuesten planned a network of "Dual Highways" across the southern half of the province.^[4][5] The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) was first, an upgrade to the partially constructed Middle Road in 1934.^[6] McQuesten also sought out the economic opportunity that came with linking Toronto to Detroit and New York by divided roadways with interchanges at major crossroads, Although he no longer served as Minister of Highways by the onset of World War II, his ambitious plans would come to fruition in the following decades as Highways 400, 401, 402, 403 (between Woodstock and Hamilton) and 405.^[7]

The construction boom that followed World War II resulted in a great number of new freeway construction projects in the province. The Toronto–Barrie Highway (Highway 400), Trans-Provincial Highway (Highway 401),^[8] a short expansion of Highway 7 approaching the Blue Water Bridge in Sarnia (Highway 402),^[9] and an expansion of Highway 27 into part of the Toronto Bypass were all underway or completed by the early 1950s.^[8] Seeking a new way to distinguish the controlled-access freeways from the existing two lane King's Highway networks, the Department of Highways created the 400-series designations in 1952. By the end of the year, Highway 400, 401 and 402 were numbered, though only short stubs of their current lengths.^[2] Highway 401 was assembled across the province in a patchwork fashion,^[8] becoming fully navigable between Windsor and Quebec on November 10, 1964;^[10] Highway 400 was extended north to Coldwater on Christmas Eve, 1959;^[11] Highway 402 was extended to London between 1972 and 1982.^[12][13]

In addition to this network backbone, plans for additional 400-series highways were initiated by the late 1950s, comprising the Chedoke Expressway (Highway 403) through Hamilton;^[14] the Don Valley Parkway Extension (Highway 404) northward from the soon-to-be constructed Toronto expressway;^[15] Highway 405 to connect with the American border near St. Catharines;^[16] Highway 406 south from St. Catharines to Welland;^[17] Highway 407 encircling the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), though not built for another 40 years;^[18] Highway 409 to connect Highway 401 with Toronto Pearson Airport;^[19] and The Queensway (Highway 417) through Ottawa.^[20] The first sections of these freeways were opened in 1963,^[21] 1977,^[22] 1963,^[21] 1965,^[23] 1997,^[24] 1974,^[25] and 1960,^[26] respectively.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, additional freeways were planned or built, including Highway 427 in Toronto,^[27] Highway 403 through Mississauga,^[28] Highway 410 north to Brampton and Highway 416 to connect Highways 401 and 417.^[29][30] Highway 420 was designated in Niagara Falls,^[2][31] though it had been built as part of the QEW in 1941.^[32] Other major works included the skyway bridges along the QEW and the expansion of Highway 401 into twelve lane collector-express systems.^[8][33][34]

By the mid-1980s, the network had more-or-less taken its current shape, with only Highways 407 and 416 not yet built.^[35][36] Instead, emphasis was placed on expanding existing routes to accommodate increasing traffic volumes.^[18] However, extensions of Highway 400 towards Parry Sound,^[37] Highway 403 between Woodstock and Hamilton,^[38] Highway 404 towards Newmarket,^[39] and Highway 427 towards Vaughan were underway.^[40] By the end of the decade, construction of Highway 407 and Highway 416 had begun,^[18][41] and Highway 410 was expanded from two to four lanes.^[42]

Highways 407 and 416 opened in the late 1990s.^[24][43] Until early 2015, Highways 407 and 416 were the most-recently designated (and constructed) freeways in Ontario. This has changed with the designation of Highways 412 and 418. In addition to these new additions to the 400-series network, several extensions of existing freeways have been built or are underway,^[36] including Highway 410 north of Brampton in 2009,^[44] Highway 400 to north of Parry Sound in 2010,^[45] Highway 417 to Arnprior in 2012,^[46] Highway 404 to Keswick in 2014,^[47] Highway 401 through Windsor in 2015,^[48] and four-laning Highway 406 to Welland in late 2015.^[49]

Design standards

While older freeways have some lapses in safety features, contemporary 400-series highways have design speeds of 130 km/h (81 mph), speed limits of 100 km/h (62 mph), various collision avoidance and traffic management systems, and several design standards adopted throughout North America.^[50] Of note are the Ontario Tall Wall median barrier and the Parclo A-4 interchange design, the latter which became standard in the design for the widening of Highway 401 through Toronto in 1962. The Institute of Traffic Engineers subsequently recommended this design to replace the cloverleaf interchange throughout North America.^[51][52] Highways in Ontario are among the safest in North America, with 0.63 fatalities per 10,000 licensed drivers in 2010.^[53]

Conforming with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Ontario utilizes green signs for guidance purposes (including distances to nearby interchanges and destinations).^[54] Generally, blue signage is used to list services and attractions at upcoming exits, known as Tourism-Oriented Directional Signing.^[55] However, several exceptions exist, notably signage for toll highways like Highway 407, in addition to the collector lanes of highways in the GTA.^[54] The baseline standard for the construction of or expansion to a freeway in Ontario is an average daily traffic count of 10,000 vehicles per day. However, other factors are considered as well, particularly future traffic volume forecasts. To promote economic development in a disadvantaged region (e.g., the current extension of Highway 400 to Northern Ontario), a 400-series highway may be built where the existing highway's traffic counts fall below 10,000.^[56]

The MTO plans and finances the construction and maintenance of the King's Highway system, which includes the 400-series network.^[57] The system includes 1,957.4 kilometres (1,216.3 mi) of freeways. Highway 401 is the longest freeway at 828.0 kilometres (514.5 mi), in addition to being the widest and busiest road in Canada. Highway 420 is the shortest of the routes at 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi).^[1]

High-occupancy vehicle lanes

Map showing locations of HOV lanes in the province, as of March 2013

The MTO began planning for the use of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes with the HOV Opportunities Study, contracted to McCormick Rankin in 2001. This led to the test trial of three HOV lanes in the GTA in December 2005: southbound Highway 404 between Markham and Highway 401, with a dedicated HOV ramp built to connect with westbound Highway 401, and Highway 403 in both directions within Mississauga.^[58] Since then, HOV lanes have been opened on several 400-series freeways around the Golden Horseshoe and National Capital Region. In May 2007, the MTO introduced a multibillion-dollar Horseshoe Network Project, which included plans to incorporate HOV lanes into numerous 400-series highways.^[59]

By then, work was already advanced on several projects, including the northbound HOV lane on Highway 404 (that opened on July 23, 2007) and an HOV lane along both directions of Highway 403 between Highway 407 and Highway 401. A third pair of HOV lanes has since been introduced to the QEW/403 through Oakville, and a fourth individual HOV lane travels eastbound on Highway 417 from just west of Eagleson Road in Ottawa to just east of Moodie Drive.^[59]

More than 450 kilometres (280 mi) of HOV lanes are currently proposed for construction by 2031. Future plans include extending existing HOV lanes and introducing them to other 400-series freeways.^[60] However, as of October 2014, only two projects have been confirmed: Highway 410 between Highway 401 and Queen Street in Brampton, and Highway 427 between Highway 409 and Highway 7. The MTO has stated that HOV lanes will only be introduced through new construction, and that no general purpose lanes will be converted. The general goals of the project are to help increase highway efficiency (an HOV lane is claimed by the Ontario government to have the ability to move as many people as four general-purpose lanes),^[60] reduce congestion, conserve energy and help protect the environment.^[61]

During the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games held in Toronto, several HOV lanes had their minimum requirements increased from two passengers to three, and some highways had their general purpose lanes converted temporarily to HOV lanes to accommodate increased traffic. These temporary restrictions lasted from June 29 to August 18.^[62]

Future HOV lanes

The following table lists planned expansions to the HOV network by 2031.^[60]

Network

Number	Length (km)	Length (mi)	Southern or western terminus	Northern or eastern terminus	Local names	Formed	Removed	Notes
Hwy0400 !Highway 400	226	140	Maple Leaf Drive in Toronto (continues as Black Creek Drive)	Highway 69 in Carling	Toronto–Barrie Highway	1952[63]	current	Scheduled for extension to Sudbury by 2021[63]
Hwy0401 !Highway 401	828.0	514.5	Ojibway Parkway in Windsor	A-20 towards Montreal, QC	Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes	1952[63]	current	Backbone of the 400-series network; busiest highway in the world[64]
Hwy0402 !Highway 402	102.5	63.7	I-69 / I-94 at Canada–United States border on Blue Water Bridge in Point Edward	Highway 401 in London		1953[9]	current
Hwy0403 !Highway 403	125.2	77.8	Highway 401 near Woodstock	Highway 401 / Highway 410 in Mississauga	Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway	1963[65]	current
Hwy0404 !Highway 404	50.1	31.1	Highway 401 / DVP in Toronto	Woodbine Avenue in East Gwillimbury		1977[22]	current
Hwy0405 !Highway 405	8.7	5.4	Queen Elizabeth Way – St. Catharines	I-190 at Canada–United States border on Queenston-Lewiston Bridge towards Lewiston, NY	General Brock Parkway	1963[65]	current
Hwy0406 !Highway 406	26.0	16.2	East Main Street in Welland	Queen Elizabeth Way in St. Catharines		1965[66]	current
Hwy0407 !Highway 407	129.3	80.3	Highway 403 / Queen Elizabeth Way in Burlington	Regional Road 33 in Oshawa		1997[67]	current	Tollway divided into two sections; Highway 407E and 407 ETR, with the latter privately operated[68]
Hwy0409 !Highway 409	5.6	3.5	Pearson Airport in Mississauga	Highway 401 in Toronto	Belfield Expessway	1978[69]	current
Hwy0410 !Highway 410	20.3	12.6	Highway 401 / Highway 403 in Mississauga	Highway 10 (Hurontario Street) in Caledon		1978[70]	current
Hwy0412 !Highway 412	10	6	Highway 401 in Whitby	Highway 407 in Whitby	West Durham Link	2016[71]	current	Route number assigned February 5, 2015[72]
Hwy0416 !Highway 416	76.4	47.5	Highway 401 towards Brockville	Highway 417 in Ottawa	Veterans Memorial Highway	1999[73]	current
Hwy0417 !Highway 417	187.0	116.2	Highway 17 in Arnprior	A-40 (TCH) towards Montreal, QC	Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway	1971[26]	current	Unlike most freeways, kilometer posts are numbered east to west.
Hwy0418 !Highway 418	—	—	Highway 401 in Clarington	Highway 407 in Clarington	East Durham Link	proposed	—	Route number assigned February 5, 2015[72]
Hwy0420 !Highway 420	3.3	2.1	Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road)	US 62 at Canada–United States border on Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls	Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway	1941[74]	current
Hwy0427 !Highway 427	19.9	12.4	Queen Elizabeth Way/Gardiner Expressway in Toronto	Regional Road 7 in Vaughan		1971[27]	current
Hwy0451 !Queen Elizabeth Way	139.1	86.4	I-190 at Canada–United States border on Peace Bridge in Fort Erie	Highway 427 in Toronto		1937[75]	current
Proposed or unbuilt

Gallery

• 

  Highway 401 south of Pearson Airport is the widest freeway in Canada, and one of the widest and busiest in the world

• 

  Aerial view of the interchange between Highway 401, 403 and 410 in Mississauga

• 

  An aerial view of Highway 416 approaching Ottawa

• 

  A sprawling interchange between Highway 409 and 427 in Etobicoke, one of several in the Greater Toronto Area

• 

  The Parclo interchange design is used throughout the 400-series network

See also

• Highways in Ontario
• List of Ontario expressways
• 100-Series Highways of Nova Scotia
• Quebec Autoroutes

References

Sources

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 400-series highways.

• Ontario Ministry of Transportation
• Highway Construction Programs
• Photographs and history on the 400-Series Highways (and other provincial highways, too)