1991 Pacific typhoon season

1991 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
First system formed March 5, 1991
Last system dissipated December 7, 1991
Strongest storm1 Yuri – 895 hPa (mbar), 220 km/h (140 mph) (10-minute sustained)
Total depressions 33
Total storms 31
Typhoons 17
Super typhoons 5
Total fatalities 6397
Total damage $3.1 billion (1991 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
Pacific typhoon seasons
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

The 1991 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1991, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November.[1] These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1991 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Season summary

Storms

32 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 31 became tropical storms. 17 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 5 reached super typhoon strength.

Severe Tropical Storm Sharon (Auring)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration March 5 – March 16
Peak intensity 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Tim

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration March 19 – March 27
Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min)  970 hPa (mbar)

On March 17, a cluster of thunderstorms grouped together which formed a low pressure area far east of the Mariana islands. The low pressure area rapidly intensified and became a tropical storm 4 days after formation. Favorable conditions allowed the system to continue to intensify into a Category 1 typhoon. High wind shear on March 25 caused the system to weakened, and it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.

Tropical Storm Vanessa (Bebeng)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration April 20 – April 28
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Walt (Karing)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration May 5 – May 16
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  915 hPa (mbar)

On May 3 an area of disturbed area formed south east of the Mariana Islands. A day later the system strengthened into a tropical depression, and continued to intensify into typhoon status four days later. The system showed annular characteristics on May 11, showing an axisymmetric shape. Walt reached peak intensity on May 12, before showing a distinct eyewall replacement cycle lasting four hours from late May 13 to May 14. When the eyewall replacement cycle was over, a new, larger eye measuring 65 kilometers across formed. Walt soon turned north east, becoming extratropical on May 17, before merging with another extratropical cyclone north east of Japan.

Typhoon Yunya (Diding)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration June 11 – June 17
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  950 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Yunya (1991)

After a month without any activity in the Western Pacific, a weak tropical depression (with winds of only 10 knots) developed just east of the Philippines and south of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough on June 11. Located in an area of little wind shear, it headed southwestward, developing spiral-band outflow and becoming a tropical storm on the 12th. As a small central dense overcast (CDO) developed over Yunya, it rapidly developed, becoming a typhoon on the 13th as it paralleled the eastern Philippines. The mid-level ridge forced Yunya westward, where it briefly reached a peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) winds on the 14th. Subsequently, the eastward building of the subtropical ridge produced unfavorable vertical wind shear that weakened Yunya to a minimal typhoon before hitting Dingalan Bay, Luzon early on the 15th. Yunya left Luzon as a minimal tropical storm at Lingayen Gulf. It turned northward due to a break in the ridge, and dissipated on the 17th near southern Taiwan due to the vertical shear.

Yunya would normally have been an uneventful cyclone, but for the day it hit Luzon, was when the colossal eruption of Mount Pinatubo took place. The ash cloud that normally would have been dispersed across the oceans was redistributed over Luzon by the cyclonic winds of the typhoon, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption. The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings. In some areas it was practically raining mud.

Yunya exited Luzon through the Lingayen Gulf as a weak tropical storm and then turned north toward a break in the subtropical ridge. The system continued to weaken due to the strong vertical wind shear. It then brushed the southern coast of Taiwan as a tropical depression and finally dissipated before it could complete full recurvature into the mid-latitude westerlies. Yunya directly caused one death from the flooding and heavy rainfall it left.[2]

CMA Tropical Depression 06

Tropical depression (CMA)
Counterclockwise vortex
Duration June 15 – June 19
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Zeke (Etang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration July 8 – July 15
Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min)  970 hPa (mbar)

At least 23 people were killed by Zeke on Hainan Island.[3]

Typhoon Amy (Gening)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration July 12 – July 20
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min)  930 hPa (mbar)

145 mph Typhoon Amy, having developed on July 12 over the open Western Pacific, brushed southern Taiwan on the 18th. Its outflow became restricted, and Amy hit southern China on the 19th as a 120 mph typhoon. It caused heavy flooding, resulting in 99 casualties, 5000 people injured, and 15,000 people homeless. In addition, Amy caused the sinking of the freighter in a river, resulting in an additional 31 deaths.

Severe Tropical Storm Brendan (Helming)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration July 19 – July 25
Peak intensity 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Caitlin (Ising)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration July 21 – July 30
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  940 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Caitlin developed from a disturbance in the eastern Caroline Islands. A tropical depression formed on July 23 as the system moved towards the northwest. Tropical Storm Caitlin was named the on the 24th and was upgraded to a typhoon the next day. Typhoon Caitlin though several hundred miles away increased the monsoonal flow over the Philippines. Heavy rains caused landslides in the Mt. Pinatubo region killing 16 people. As Caitlin turned to the north the storm passed 60 miles (97 km) to the west of Kadena AB, Okinawa at peak intensity of 110 mph. The heavy rains from Caitlin helped to relieve the ongoing drought on the island, one death was reported. Typhoon Caitlin then began to accelerate northwards and passed through the Korea Strait before turning extratropical in the Sea of Japan. Heavy flooding in South Korea killed 2 people and caused $4 million in damage.[4]

Tropical Storm Enrique

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration July 31 (entered basin) – August 2
Peak intensity 65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min)  995 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Enrique formed in the eastern Pacific basin, where it reached its peak intensity as a category 1 Hurricane, becoming Hurricane Enrique. Enrique lasted for 6 days before becoming a remnant low, shortly after entering in the central Pacific.[5][6]

As Enrique approached the International Dateline, the system started to redevelop. Shortly after crossing the dateline, Enrique became a tropical storm again on August 1. It lasted for less than 24 hours before it lost its convection and thus the cyclone began to dissipate.[7] No damages or casualties were caused by Enrique.[6][7][8] It is one of only seven tropical cyclones to exist in all three tropical cyclone basins in the Pacific Ocean.[7] The others are 1986's Georgette,[9] 1994's Li and John, 1999's Dora, 2003's Jimena[10] and 2014's Genevieve

Tropical Storm Doug

Tropical storm (HKO)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 7 – August 11
Peak intensity 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Ellie (Mameng)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration August 8 – August 19
Peak intensity 130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  960 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Fred (Luding)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration August 11 – August 18
Peak intensity 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min)  960 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Fred organized from a monsoon trough situated to the east of the Central Philippines, a depression formed on August 11. The depression moved across northern Luzon Island, upon entering the South China Sea the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fred. Fred reached typhoon intensity on August 14 as the storm moved south of Hong Kong. Typhoon Fred reached peak intensity of 110 mph (180 km/h) shortly before moving across Hainan Island. Fred then turned to the southwest across the Gulf of Tonkin and made a final landfall in northern Vietnam before dissipating. As Typhoon Fred moved south of Hong Kong the oil rig support barge DB29 sank with 195 people on board;[11] 22 people on board the ship were killed. On Hainan Island heavy flooding and landslides from Fred's rains killed 16 people.[12]

Tropical Depression 13W

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration August 12 – August 13
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (1-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)

Severe Tropical Storm Gladys

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration August 13 – August 24
Peak intensity 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  965 hPa (mbar)

Minimal typhoon Gladys brushed by southern Japan on August 22. It moved to the northwest, and hit the Korean Peninsula on the 23rd. It caused more than 20 million yen of damage in Japan, more than 270 million won of damage in South Korea, and in South Korea, it left 103 dead or missing and more than 20,000 homeless.

Tropical Storm 15W

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration August 23 – August 30
Peak intensity 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Harry

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 28 – August 31
Peak intensity 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Ivy

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration September 1 – September 10
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min)  935 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Ivy formed from a broad monsoon trough situated near Kosrae in the eastern Caroline Islands. A tropical depression formed on September 2 as the system moved towards the northwest, the next day the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ivy. Ivy began to rapidly intensify and reached typhoon strength as the storm passed 130 miles (210 km) east of Tinian and Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands. On Saipan one drowning death was reported, but only minor damage was reported in the Northern Marianas. Typhoon Ivy continued on a northwesterly path and reached peak strength of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 7 prior to recurving to the northeast. Ivy paralleled the southeastern Japan coastline and turned extratropical 600 miles (970 km) to the east of Tokyo. As Typhoon Ivy made its closest approach to Honshū, Tokyo and surrounding areas were buffeted by high winds and heavy rains. Over 200 landslides were reported and one person was killed with 4 others missing. [13]

Tropical Storm Joel (Neneng)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 2 – September 8
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Kinna

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration September 10 – September 14
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  955 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Kinna formed in a monsoon trough in the western Caroline Islands. A tropical depression began to organize on September 10 to the west of Guam, Tropical Storm Kinna was named later the same day. As Kinna moved towards the northwest the storm began to gather strength and reached typhoon intensity on September 12 just prior to turning north threatening Japan. On the 12th Typhoon Kinna made a direct landfall on southern Okinawa Island at peak strength of 105 mph (169 km/h). Kinna maintained peak intensity after recurving to the north-northeast and making landfall on Kyūshū Island. Typhoon Kinna's eyewall passed directly over Nagasaki and Sasebo cities on September 13, both cities reported wind gusts of 115 mph (185 km/h). Kinna continued moving across Japan and became extratropical near the northern coast of Honshū Island. On Okinawa Kinna dropped more than 8 inches (200 mm) of rain, in Japan most of the damage occurred near Nagasaki. Throughout Japan and Okinawa 9 deaths were attributable to Typhoon Kinna's passage.[13]

Severe Tropical Storm Luke

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 13 – September 19
Peak intensity 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Luke formed from a disturbance that moved through the Northern Marianas and became a tropical depression on September 14 just to the west of the islands. The depression began to slowly intensify as it moved towards the west-northwest and Tropical Storm Luke was named on September 15. Luke reached peak intensity of 60 mph (97 km/h) prior to recurving to the northeast and weakening due to increased shear. Tropical Storm Luke then paralleled the southeastern Japan coastline, dropping heavy rains. The resulting flooding and landslides killed 8 people and left 10 others missing prior to Luke turning extratropical east of central Honshū Island.[13]

Super Typhoon Mireille (Oniang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration September 13 – September 28
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  925 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Mireille

On September 13, Tropical Depression 21W developed over the open Western Pacific. It tracked westward under the influence of the Subtropical Ridge, slowly organizing until becoming a tropical storm on the 15th. A small storm, Mireille rapidly became a typhoon on the 16th, but larger Tropical Storm Luke to its north and Typhoon Nat to its west kept Mireille a minimal typhoon. When the other two storms were far enough away, Mireille rapidly intensified, reaching super typhoon strength on the 22nd with a peak of 150 mph (240 km/h) winds. The storm recurved to the northeast, where it slowly weakened until hitting southwestern Japan on the 27th as a 105 mph (169 km/h) typhoon. Mireille continued to the northeast, and became extratropical later that day, after causing 52 casualties and heavy crop damage amounting to $3 billion (1991 USD). The name Mireille was retired after this season and was replaced by Melissa. The Panama flagged vessel MV "Darshan" loaded with cement clinker from Ube, Japan and intended to bound for Kuching, East Malaysia has grounded in the Eastern part of Hime-shima island "Princess Island".

Typhoon Nat (Pepang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration September 14 – October 3
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  950 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Orchid (Rosing)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration October 1 – October 14
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min)  930 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Orchid formed from a broad monsoon trough that moved through the Northern Marianas and became a tropical depression on October 4 to the west of the islands. The depression moved on a westerly path and strengthened into Tropical Storm Orchid later the same day. Orchid then began to rapidly intensify and reach peak strength on 130 mph (210 km/h) on October 7 prior to turning to the northeast and accelerating. Typhoon Orchid paralleled the southeast coast of Shikoku and Honshū Islands. As Orchid brushed the islands 96 landslides and heavy flooding were reported in and around the Tokyo region, one person was reported killed due to flooding. Though a great distance away the waves from Orchid and Typhoon Pat combined to produce tremendous waves resulting in the deaths of 2 people on Guam.[13]

Typhoon Pat

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration October 3 – October 13
Peak intensity 175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min)  925 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Ruth (Sendang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration October 20 – October 31
Peak intensity 215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min)  895 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Ruth formed from a tropical disturbance the originated between Chuuk and Pohnpei, as the disturbance moved on a westerly path, a tropical depression formed on October 20. Tropical Storm Ruth was named on the 21st as the storm moved to the southwest of Guam and began to steadily intensity. Ruth reached typhoon strength on October 22 and became a super typhoon on the 24th as the storm reached peak intensity of 165 mph (266 km/h). Super Typhoon Ruth began to slowly decline in strength as it neared the northern Philippines. Typhoon Ruth made landfall on October 27 on northern Luzon Island with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) before weakening to a tropical storm. Heavy flooding and numerous landslides were reported on Luzon Island as a result 12 people were killed. After departing Luzon Island Tropical Storm Ruth recurved south of Taiwan and dissipated. Heavy seas caused the freighter Tung Lung to sink west of Taiwan, all 18 aboard were killed.[13]

Super Typhoon Seth (Trining)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration October 30 – November 15
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  925 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration October 31 – November 8
Peak intensity 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Tropical Storm Thelma

50 mph (80 km/h) Tropical Storm Thelma hit the central Philippines on November 4. It slowly tracked across the Archipelago, bringing heavy flooding across the islands. Vertical shear weakened it as it continued westward, and it dissipated on November 8 just after hitting southern Vietnam. Thelma, though a weak storm, caused dam failures, landslides, and flash flooding, resulting in a horrendous death toll of 6,000 people. Due to the massive casualties, the name Thelma was retired and replaced with Teresa.

Severe Tropical Storm Verne

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration November 4 – November 12
Peak intensity 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Wilda (Warling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Counterclockwise vortex
Duration November 13 – November 20
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Yuri

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration November 17 – December 1
Peak intensity 220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min)  895 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Yuri (1991)

Super Typhoon Yuri was the most powerful storm during the season, with winds reaching up to 120 knots (220 km/h), and a minimum recorded pressure of 895 mbar. This made Yuri the third most intense tropical cyclone on record at the end of 1991. Yuri caused $3 million (1991 USD) in damage to Pohnpei, including the loss of a radio tower. In Guam, the storm caused extensive beach erosion and destroyed between 60 and 350 buildings. There, damage totaled to $33 million (1991 USD).[14] It is one of the most closely observed storms ever, Its eye was studied for research.

Severe Tropical Storm Zelda

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration November 27 – December 7
Peak intensity 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  975 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Zelda was the last storm of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season.

Storm names

During the season 29 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from mid-1989.

Sharon Tim Vanessa Walt Yunya Zeke Amy Brendan Caitlin Doug Ellie Fred Gladys Harry Ivy
Joel Kinna Luke Mireille Nat Orchid Pat Ruth Seth Thelma Verne Wilda Yuri Zelda

Philippines

Auring Beben Karing Diding Etang
Gening Helming Ising Luding Mameng
Neneng Oniang Pepang Rening Sendang
Trining Uring Warling Yayang (unused)
Auxiliary list
Ading (unused)
Barang (unused) Krising (unused) Dadang (unused) Erling (unused) Goying (unused)

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1995 season. This is the same list used for the 1987 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.

Retirement

Due to extensive damage and a high death toll, the JTWC retired the names Mireille and Thelma, which were replaced by Melissa and Teresa. Both names were first used in the 1994 season. PAGASA also retired the name Uring with similar reasons and was replaced by Ulding for the 1995 season.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gary Padgett. May 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary. Archived 2010-12-20 at WebCite Retrieved August 26, 2006.
  2. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Typhoon Yunya. Retrieved on January 10, 2006.
  3. ↑ http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/465634551.html?dids=465634551:465634551&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+1991&author=Steve+Newman&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Earthweek%3A+A+Diary+Of+The+Planet+For+the+week+ending+July+19%2F1991&pqatl=google
  4. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved on December 26, 2007.
  5. ↑ Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  6. 1 2 Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 "Tropical Storm Enrique (06E)" (PDF). 1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 70–1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  8. ↑ "The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  9. ↑ Steve J. Fatjo. "Typhoons Georgette (11E) and Tip (10W)" (PDF). 1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 58–66. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949–2007". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  11. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 52931. p. 8939. May 22, 1992.
  12. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved on December 26, 2007.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved on December 27, 2007.
  14. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Super Typhoon Yuri. Retrieved on May 18, 2007.

External links

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